Assessment of Different Sourced Water Quality to be Suitable for Human Uses (original) (raw)
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Egyptian Journal of Botany, 2017
The main water source is the River Nile in Benha city.The Department of Environment (D.O.E.) monitors the river basins for major contaminant sources (Chan, 2004), while the quality of the raw water reservoir is monitored by state water monitoring and controlling authorities (Hasbiyana, 2008). The main source of filtered water for Benha city is New Benha filtered water treatment plant of Atripe area with design capacity (68000 m 3 / day) which produces (56,000 m 3 / day) to pump water into the water networks. Man consumes water to survive. Clean drinking water is always needed for human health. The mortality of people aworld due to water associated diseases exceeds 5 million people per year (UN-Water, 2013). Therefore, water quality control is very important in many parts of the world (WHO, 2011). Determination of physical and chemical (inorganic and organic) parameters is very important to evaluate water quality (Dissmeyer, 2000). Contaminants in the water W ATER quality assessment of drinking water has been studied in Benha city, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt between April 2015 to March 2016 to evaluate the quality of different types of water according to physicochemical, chemical and bacteriological aspects. Twenty four samples were collected during the four seasons from different places in Benha City. Two kinds were analyzed; Benha filtered water and raw water of River Nile. The results indicated that the average values of physicochemical, heavy metals, trihalomethanes and bacteriological parameters in Benha filtered water treatment were within Egyptian standard (2007) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of water quality with comparison to raw water. The dominant bacterial isolates in the raw water samples were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes; while the filtered water samples were 100% free from pathogenic bacteria and coliforms.
Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali , 2018
Weighted arithmetic method of water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the water quality of Nile River at Cairo (Egypt) according to drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life water utilization. The aim of the present study was to characterize the physicochemical and bacteriological water quality of about 70 km long of Nile River at Cairo city area. The objective of the index is to transform complex water quality data into understandable and usable information by the public. The general annual average of WQI values of Nile River at Cairo was poor water for drinking (50.71), good for aquatic life (28.87), and it was excellent for irrigation utilizations (7.27). Microbiological results revealed an increases in total bacterial and pollution indicator counts from the collected water samples. Keywords Water quality index · Drinking water · Cairo city · Coliforms · Streptococci
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2017
groundwater) and their impact on human health as well as evaluate these water resources for different purposes at Atfih area which occupies the southern portion of Giza governorate. To achieve the aim of the present study, fifty water samples (surface water and groundwater samples) are collected during March (2016) and chemically analyzed for detection of inorganic and bacteriological pollutants. Drinking and agriculture in this area depend mainly on the water of Nile River and two main canals namely El Khashab and Masjid Musa canals as well as groundwater. The results indicated that, El Khashab and Masjid Musa canals are subjected to pollution from different sources. Also, the shallow groundwater tapped from the near surface quaternary deposits is also subjected to pollution. The socalled El Saff wastewater canal represents one of the main sources of pollution for the water resources in the study area. This canal runs longitudinally for about 50km along the foot slopes of the eastern Eocene escarpment. All the detected pollutants are considered very serious to people's health. The most important pollution problem sources include the wastewater produced from the industrial complex at Helwan area in addition to the wastewater discharged from El Saff wastewater canal into the Nile River and its canals. On the other hand, the excessive seepage of drainage water rich in fertilizers and pesticides causes pollution for groundwater. Majority of surface water (El Khashab and Masjid Musa canals) samples and groundwater samples in the study area are unsuitable for drinking as they have Fe, Sr, B and NO 3 more than that of the permissible limit.In conclusion, most of the surface water and groundwater samples in the study area are suitable for irrigation.
The present work focuses on the evaluation of the groundwater quality by chemicaland bacteriological analyses to ensure its suitability for drinking and irrigation. Twenty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Manfalut district, Assiut, Egypt. Several water quality parameters were determined; the results show higher concentration of total dissolved solids (50 %), electrical conductivity (55 %), chloride (20 %), total hardness (20 %), and bicarbonate (55 %). This indicates signs of deterioration regarding drinking and domestic uses. Salinity hazard, sodium absorption ratio, sodium (Na) percentage, and residual Na carbonate were used to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation. The values of electrical conductivity and SAR of groundwater samples were estimated illustrating that the most dominant classes are C2S1 (45 %; medium-salinity-low SAR), C3S1 (50 %; high-salinity-low SAR), and C4S1 (5 %; very high-salinity-low SAR). Bacteriological analysis was also conducted for 20 groundwater wells from December 2011 to May 2012. Seven samples (35 %) are contaminated by bacteria (total and fecal coliforms); these wells are not suitable for drinking. The analysis exhibits that bacterial contamination was the maximum in wells located at the center of the study area; this may be due to using the residential septic tanks. It was also discovered that the quality of groundwater is suitable for irrigation in the target aquifer except in a few locations. As for drinking, about 55 % of the samples are not suitable. However, the groundwater wells which are located in the center of the study area are suitable for drinking according to the hydochemical analysis. It was found that some of these wells are not suitable based on bacteriological analysis
Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Tanta City, Egypt
The physico-chemical and biological (algal and bacterial) quality of tap water in Tanta City were elucidated. Samples were collected during December 2011, covering all the water plants and the areal extension of the pipe line network in Tanta. Total dissolved solids content classifies water origin into surface water, shallow and deep groundwater. Fe, Mn and hardness in some samples of groundwater origin are obviously exceeding the WHO (World Health Organization) limit. Mostly, green algae are found (31 species), followed by diatoms (19 species), then blue-green algae (13 species). CCA (Canonical Corresponding Analysis) indicates that green algae are strongly correlated with pH, NH 4 , alkalinity, Mn and Si; diatoms with EC (electric conductivity), turbidity, Zn and Si and blue green algae with EC and alkalinity. 50% of samples of surface origin, 80% of samples of both deep and shallow groundwater origins crossed WHO and Egyptian guideline in their content of mean TCC (Total Coliform Count). CCA estimates strong correlations of TCC with temperature, NH 4 and PO 4 ; E. coli with EC; heterotrophic bacteria with turbidity and NO 3 ; Salmonella sp. with Si and SO 4 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Mn. Finally, the water plants treatment may be not effective and pipes serve as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms.
Evaluation of the Physicochemical Quality of Springs Water in the El Hajeb Area, Morocco
Groundwater plays an important role in the socio-economic development for all countries of the world. They thus ensure safe drinking water for rural and urban populations. However, they are sometimes exposed to various forms of pollution: agricultural, industrial and domestic. So the supervision and the quality control are of paramount interest in the fight against certain waterborne diseases because water intended for human consumption must not contain pathogenic organisms or harmful chemicals; because water contaminated with microorganisms is causing epidemics. In addition, nitrate pollution of drinking water can cause methemoglobinemia to infants and carcinogenic diseases to adults. This work is structured in the same objective, which is the evaluation of the physicochemical quality of water sources in the region of El Hajeb, which are used in the supply of drinking water for a large population of area.
Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of El Tebbin Surface Water, South Cairo, Egypt
The water quality is greatly affected by the urbanization activity. Physical and chemical properties of surface water at El Tebbin area were quantified and evaluated for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Twenty water samples collected from different streams were analyzed according to the standard methods. Different standard limits were used (WHO, EU and FAO) as well as numerical methods (WQI). The studied water at El Tebbin area was found to be unfit for drinking till simple and primary treatment. Canals water is suitable for major crops with minor degree of threat while Nile water is excellent for irrigation. All water samples require treatment for specific industries. Generally the studied samples showed no heavy metals pollution. The statistical analysis indicated the impact of pH and temperature (T) on chemical nature of water.
The Nile River quality being the problem concerned with everyone’s health in Egypt. The Nile River is currently facing tremendous pressure due to encroachments, discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste, dumping of solid waste and illegal diversion of water. The present study aimed to examine the bacterial quality of River Nile water at Assiut region. The current work was done in nine sampling locations distributed over about 120 km stretch at Assiut Governorate around the Nile River, for monitoring the microbial pollution by determination of total bacterial counts as well as bacterial indicators (total Coliform, fecal Coliform, and fecal Streptococci) for river Nile water. Moreover study of some physicochemical parameters during the period from September 2013 to August 2014, in order to evaluate its suitability for the intended purpose. The results showed that all of samples were contaminated with (total Coliforms, fecal Coliforms and fecal streptococci). The physicochemical parameters of the water samples of the most studied locations were in permissible limits of the Egyptian standards for drinking water. The present study observed that the overall water quality of the Nile River in the study area was ranged from marginal to good according to Egyptian lows of the Nile River protection agency.
2020
The aim of this study is to determine and to classify the water quality of Kaam Spring based on physio-chemical and biological Characteristics. A total number of 10 samples were collected in September of 2019. Tests have included physio-chemical parameters: (DO, BOD, COD, TDS, EC, pH, Salinity, Temperature, Turbidity, NH3ˉ N, PO₄³⁻, Velocity, Clˉ, Fˉ, SO₄ˉ, HCO3 ˉ, NO3 ˉ, Na+, K+, Mg++, and Ca+) and heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Over and above, one biological parameter (Testing of Coliforms) was achieved. Water quality was determined by comparing results with the Libyan Standards and the international parameter limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) of drinking water and classified according to the Water Quality Index (WQI). Results have revealed that the concentrations of COD for all points were extremely higher than the permissible limits with the highest concentration of 4235 mg/L recorded in point 4. Electrical Conductivity (EC) values were also slightly higher than the desirable limits, which are likely due to the contact between spring and seawater. The turbidity index was higher than the permissible limits due to anthropogenic activities taking place. Velocity values were almost zero in all sampling points making the spring stagnant. Heavy metals of As and Pb have shown high concentration meaning that the spring is exposed to industrial waste. Testing of coliforms has shown positive readings; indicating that water is contaminated with feces while all other parameters measured were within the acceptable levels. WQI calculations revealed that the spring has a moderate quality of water and extensive treatment is required.