Analysis of the middle region of the pharynx in adolescents with different anteroposterior craniofacial skeletal patterns (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
Background: The present study aimed to determine the correlation between pharyngeal airway volume and craniofacial morphology through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Additionally, the study analyzed the influence of gender on pharyngeal airway volume. (2) Methods: 80 CBCT scans of 40 male and 40 female patients (mean age: 15.38 + 1.10 years) fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included. CBCT scans were evaluated for pharyngeal airway volume using the In Vivo Dental 5.1 software. Additionally, CBCT-derived lateral cephalograms were used to assess various craniofacial morphology parameters. To examine the influences of gender on airway volume, T-test was carried out. Correlation between airway volume and craniofacial parameters were measured using Pearson correlation followed by regression analysis. The value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean airway volume was significantly greater in males than in females. A statistically significan...
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Background: The pharyngeal airway is a crucial part of the respiratory system’s function. Assessing the pharyngeal airway dimensions in different skeletal types is important in the orthodontic treatment of growing patients. The aim of this study was to compare the upper pharyngeal airway dimensions of 7–14-year-old children with different skeletal types. Methods: Three-hundred-sixty-one lateral cephalometric radiographs were grouped based on their skeletal patterns determined by the ANB angle as skeletal type I (n = 123), type II (n = 121), and type III (n = 117). The radiographs were divided into 4 groups: 7/8 YO (7–8 years old), 9/10 YO, 11/12 YO, and 13/14 YO. The cephalometric measurements comprised SNA, SNB, ANB, Ad1-PNS, Ad2-PNS, McUP, and McLP. An ANOVA was used to compare the group results. Results: Significant differences in Ad1-PNS, Ad2-PNS, McUP, and McLP in skeletal types II and III were found between age groups. Most upper pharyngeal airway dimensions in skeletal types ...
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2013
The objective of this study was to characterize the volume and the morphology of the pharyngeal airway in adolescent subjects, relating them to their facial skeletal pattern. Methods: Fifty-four subjects who had cone-beam computed tomography were divided into 3 groups-skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class IIIaccording to their ANB angles. The volumes of the upper pharyngeal portion and nasopharynx, and the volume and morphology of the lower pharyngeal portion and its subdivisions (velopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx) were assessed with software (version 11.5; Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). The results were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Dunn multiple comparison tests to identify intergroup differences. Correlations between variables assessed were tested by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Correlations between the logarithms of airway volumes and the ANB angle values were tested as continuous variables with linear regression, considering the sexes as subgroups. Results: The minimum areas in the Class II group (112.9 6 42.9, 126.9 6 45.9, and 142.1 6 83.5 mm 2) were significantly smaller than in Class III group (186.62 6 83.2, 234.5 6 104.9, and 231.1 6 111.4 mm 2) for the lower pharyngeal portion, the velopharynx, and the oropharynx, respectively, and significantly smaller than the Class I group for the velopharynx (201.8 6 94.7 mm 2). The Class II group had a statistically significant different morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups in the velopharynx. There was a tendency to decreased airway volume with increased ANB angle in the lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx. In the upper pharyngeal portion, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx, there seemed to be no association between the airway volume and the skeletal pattern. Conclusions: The Class II subjects had smaller minimum and mean areas (lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx) than did the Class III group and significantly less uniform velopharynx morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups. A negative correlation was observed between the ANB value and airway volume in the lower pharyngeal portion and the velopharynx (both sexes) and in the oropharynx (just in male subjects). (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:799-809) T he upper airway is a structure responsible for one of the main vital functions in the human organism-breathing. The interest in studying the upper airway has always been present in orthodontics, and 1 main objective is to clarify the relationship between pharynx structures and craniofacial complex growth and development. 1-4 Obstructive processes of morphologic, physiologic, or pathologic nature, such as hypertrophy of adenoids and tonsils, chronic and allergic rhinitis, irritant environmental factors, infections, congenital nasal deformities, nasal traumas, polyps, and tumors, are predisposing factors to a blocked upper airway. When that happens, a functional imbalance results in an oral breathing pattern that can alter facial morphology and dental arch forms, generating a malocclusion. 2,5,6 Considering the functional matrix theory proposed by Moss, 7 the association of respiratory and masticatory functions and swallowing might act on craniofacial development.
Pharyngeal Airway and Craniocervical Angle among Different Skeletal Patterns
BioMed Research International, 2021
Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharyngeal airway dimensions and their correlations among the craniocervical angle and skeletal patterns. Materials and Methods. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 300 patients (≥15 years of age), of whom 150 were male patients and 150 were female patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to their skeletal patterns. The following dimensions were measured: NP: nasopharyngeal airway; PS: shortest distance from the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall; MP: Me-Go line intersecting the pharyngeal airway; TS: shortest distance from posterior tongue to pharyngeal wall; LP: laryngopharyngeal airway; UE length: shortest distance from the uvula to the epiglottis; PW: width of soft palate; PL: length of soft palate; ANB angle; palatal angle; and craniocervical angle. Paired t -test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation were applied for statistical analysis. The null hypothesis wa...
The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2015
The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharyngeal airway in cleft individuals and normally growing individuals using cone beam computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography scans of 22 individuals were obtained from the Department of Orthodontics and divided in two groups. Group 1 includes 11 cases with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (mean age, 12 years) and group 2 includes 11 noncleft cases (mean age, 14 years). The oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, and oronasal pharyngeal airway was evaluated between the two groups. Results: In the cleft group, the volume of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 3.66 cm 3 ; of the oropharyngeal airway, 9.28 cm 3 ; and of the oronasal pharyngeal airway, 12.67 cm 3. The volume of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be significantly reduced in the cleft palate group when compared with the noncleft group. Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal airway was found to be significantly smaller among the children with cleft palate than among those in the control group.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2010
In growing patients with skeletal discrepancies, early diagnosis, evidence-based explanations of etiology, and assessment of functional factors can be vital for the restoration of normal craniofacial growth and the stability of the treatment results. The aims of our study were to compare the 3-dimensional pharyngeal airway volumes in healthy children with a retrognathic mandible and those with normal craniofacial growth, and to investigate possible significant relationships and correlations among the studied cephalometric variables and the airway morphology in these children. Methods: Three-dimensional airway volume and crosssectional areas of 27 healthy children (12 boys, 15 girls; mean age, 11 years) were measured by using cone-beam computed tomography volume scans, and 2-dimensional lateral cephalograms were created and analyzed. The subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their ANB angles (group I: 2 # ANB # 5 ; group II: ANB .5), and cephalometric variables, airway volumes, and cross-sectional measurements were compared. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the following parameters: height of the posterior nasal plane (P \0.05), pogonion to nasion perpendicular distance (P \0.01), ANB angle (P \0.01), mandibular body length (P \0.01), facial convexity (P \0.01), and total airway volume (P \0.05). No statistically significant differences between the 2 groups were found in the cross-sectional area and the volumetric measurements of the various sections of the airway except for total airway volume, which had larger values in group I (P \0.05). Conclusions: The mean total airway volume, extending from the anterior nasal cavity and the nasopharynx to the epiglottis, in retrognathic patients was significantly smaller than that of patients with a normal anteroposterior skeletal relationship. On the other hand, differences in volume measurements of the 4 subregions of the airway were not statistically significant between the 2 groups.
Pharyngeal Airway Space Dimensions and Hyoid Bone Position in Various Craniofacial Morphologies
2021
To assess the relationship of pharyngeal airway dimensions and the position of the hyoid bone in several craniofacial morphologies among Nepali adults. To assess the relationship between dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone and compare gender dimorphism. The cross-sectional observational research comprised lateral cephalograms of 150 subjects aged 16 to 30 years. Samples were separated into three sagittal craniofacial morphological groups based on the ANB (A point, nasion, B point) angle and into gender groups. Different parameters (linear and angular) for measuring dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone were assessed. An ANOVA test and a Pearson correlation test were performed. Dimensions of the pharyngeal airway were largest in skeletal Class III when compared to skeletal Class I and Class II subjects, with a lower pharyngeal airway space and the length of the nasal fossa being significantly larger. The hyoid bone was anter...
Relationship of oropharynx to craniofacial morphology in skeletal Class II patients
The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2016
IntRoductIon The oropharynx encompasses the portion of the upper aero-digestive tract which extends from the anterior tonsillar pillars inferiorly to the pharyngo-epiglottic folds and superiorly to the soft palate. The tongue base, which lies caudal to the circumvallate papillae, is included in the oropharynx. [1] This portion of the upper airway has attracted less attention than its nasal counterpart. [2] Various studies have shown that obstructions of the upper airway lead to change in neuromuscular patterns. It has been shown that if these obstructions are present during a long period of time with active growth, facial morphology maybe influenced. Posterior rotation of the mandible combined with an increase of base plane angle and increase in anterior lower facial height has been reported in such cases. [3] The classic clinical example of the possible relationship between upper airway obstruction and aberrant craniofacial growth is the development of "adenoid facies" in patients with mouth breathing habit. These patients usually present mouth-open posture, a small nose with button-like tip, nostrils that are small and poorly developed, a short upper lip, prominent upper incisors, a pouting lower lip, and an expressionless face. [4] Severe mandibular deficiency and mandibular retrognathism [5] have also been linked to reduced oropharyngeal dimensions. Decreased space between the cervical column and the
Evaluation of pharyngeal airway space amongst different skeletal patterns
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2012
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in awake, upright children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The volume, area, minimum axial area and seven linear measurements of PAS were obtained from the CBCT images of 50 children (mean age 9.16 years). The patients were divided in two groups according to the ANB angle (group I 28 ANB 58; group II ANB > 58). Means and standard deviations of each variable were compared and correlated using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation test. There were statistically significant differences in the following parameters: angle formed by the intersection between NA and NB lines (p < 0.001), angle formed by the intersection between SN and NB lines (p < 0.05), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the uvula and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), airway volume (p < 0.01), airway area (p < 0.01) and minimum axial area (p < 0.05). The anteroposterior cephalometric variable SNB had positive correlation with the variables PAS-UP (p < 0.01), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the uvula tip and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), Pharyngeal airway space on mandibular line (p < 0.05), Minimal pharyngeal airway space between the back of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall (p < 0.05), volume airway (p < 0.05), airway area (p < 0.05) and minimum axial area (p < 0.05). The vertical cephalometric variables angle formed by the intersection between SN and GoGn lines (p < 0.05) and angle formed by the intersection between FH and mandible plane (p < 0.05) showed negative correlation with PAS-UT. These results showed that PAS was statistically larger in group I than group II, indicating that the dimensions of the PAS are affected by different anteroposterior skeletal patterns.