COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - recent trends (original) (raw)
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COVID-19 in Human, Animal, and Environment: A Review
Frontiers in Veterinary Science , 2020
The medical authority in China, especially in Wuhan city, reported on December 2019 a large number of highly fatal, rapidly spreading viral pneumonia caused by an unknown coronavirus. The common history of all the patients was their visiting a Wuhan’s whole food store, where live animals and seafood are sold. Irrespective of the efforts of the Chinese authorities, the virus spread rapidly all over the world by travelers, provoking widespread attention by the media and panic. Many previous coronavirus epidemics had been recorded, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recently newly discovered epidemic is named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this virus is antigenically related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV), which had been detected in 2002, depending on clinical, serological, and molecular findings. There is rapid competition among the researchers to discover the source of the virus, understand the mechanism of the disease development, establish treatment strategies, and determine the factors affecting the incidence of infection and severity of the disease, and focus on the production of a vaccine. Coronaviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome viruses; its genome length varies from 26 to 32 kb. Coronavirus causes mild to severe respiratory disorders. In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown causes were found in Wuhan city, which is located in the Hubei province in China. Chinese health authorities investigated the problem and found that a new virus caused such infection and, using next-generation sequencing, found the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It has been transferred from humans to humans and animals to humans (zoonotic). Coronaviruses cause multiple respiratory problems, varying from common cold to severe infections such as SARS. General symptoms of infection include fatigue, cough, and breathing problems such as shortness of breath, as described by World Health Organization. Serious cases may result in pneumonia, renal failure, and even death. We address current information about the new SARS Coronavirus-2 as well as the COVID-19 disease caused by it in this review.
From SARS-CoV to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - A Brief Review
Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine, 2020
Emerging and reemerging pathogens are global challenges for public health. For the third time in as many decades, a zoonotic coronavirus has crossed species to infect human populations. Given the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012, 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the past 18 years-an outbreak that has raised great hue and cry globally as it has sickened thousands of people across the world. This novel coronavirus was named as COVID-19 which stands for Corona Virus Disease 2019. The 2019-nCoV originated from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared it as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At that point, there were 9826 confirmed cases globally, with 213 deaths. Of these, 9720 cases were in China; outside of China, health authorities reported 106 confirmed cases in 19 countries. As of February 2, the WHO updated the count, reporting 14 557 confirmed cases from 24 countries-14 411 of them in China. In this review we focus our attention on Covid-19 and how different this epidemic is from the previous two outbreak caused by coronavirus.
Biologics, 2021
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a life-threatening pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in massive destruction and is still continuously adding to its death toll. The advent of this global outbreak has not yet been confirmed; however, investigation for suitable prophylaxis against this lethal virus is being carried out by experts all around the globe. The SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae superfamily, like the other previously occurring human coronavirus variants. To better understand a new virus variant, such as the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant, it is vital to investigate previous virus strains, including their genomic composition and functionality. Our study aimed at addressing the basic overview of the virus’ profile that may provide the scientific community with evidence-based insights into COVID-19. Therefore, this study accomplished a comprehensive literature review that includes the virus’ origin, classificat...
Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): An Overview
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
There is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and unfold of two019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute metabolism syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a spread of coronavirus is the family Coronaviridae. The malady is believed to originate from crackers Associate in Nursing was unfold to people through unknown medium in an exceedingly town, China. Severe acute metabolism syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) could also be a very transmissible and infective coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and has caused an outbreak|avirus|a virulent disease|a pestilence} of acute disease, named, ‘coronavirus malady 2019’ (COVID-19), that threatens human health and public safety. throughout this Review, we have a tendency to to tend to explain the essential medicine of SARS- CoV-2, together with genomic characteristics, and receptor use, lightness its key distinction from antecedent acquainted coronaviruses. we have a tendency to to tend ...
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Race Against Time
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
The emergence of a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, at the end of 2019 and its rapid spread across the world has been alarming. This is the third outbreak of coronaviruses in the recent past after the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012. SARS-CoV2, a zoonotic virus that has originated in bats and jumped species from animals to infect humans, spreads mainly through human to human transmission from respiratory droplets on sneezing or coughing. This virus was named 2019-nCoV and the disease caused by it is referred to as COVID-19. The current 2019-nCoV outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO on 30 th January 2020. The gravity of the situation can be gauged by the fact that the number of cases has soared to 179112 cases and 7426 deaths and it has spread to 170 countries and territories claiming 8,272 lives [1]. WHO has declared the current outbreak of Coronavirus as pandemic on March 11, 2020. This is the first pandemic caused by a Coronavirus, and it has forced public health experts and policymakers to swing in action to control the situation. Symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In severe cases, the infection may lead to complications like pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and sometimes death. The virus has an incubation period of 1-14 days with many symptoms overlapping with the common cold and similar diseases. A recent study revealed the gender bias in COVID-19 as mortality and vulnerability were found to be higher in men compared to women [2]. 2019-nCoV(SARS-CoV2) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus of Coronaviridae family. This genus also includes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS). Coronaviruses are spherical with club-shaped glycoprotein spikes or projections on their surface giving it a "corona" or halo-like appearance. Known to have one of the largest viral RNA genomes, the 2019-nCoV has a genome size of 29,891 bp with a GC content of 38% and codes for 9860 amino acids. It codes for 16 non-structural proteins, viz. chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp), and other non-structural proteins that play role in replication and transcription of the virus. The virus has four structural proteins, viz., spike surface glycoprotein, small envelope protein, matrix protein, nucleocapsid protein, and accessory proteins [3, 4]. Till 17.03.20, complete genomes of a total of 87 strains of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV2) have been sequenced. Out of these, 48 strains have been isolated from the USA, 28 strains are from China, 2 each from India and Taiwan, and 1 each from Japan, Italy, Brazil, Australia, Sweden, Nepal, and South Korea. Entrez entry on 17.3.2020 suggests the availability of 93 nucleotide sequences, 496 protein sequences, 22 genes and also a complete genome sequence (NC_045512) from the sample of the epicenter Wuhan.
2020
After the appearance of first cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown origin’ in the Wuhan city, China, during late 2019, the disease progressed fast. Its cause was identified as a novel coronavirus, named provisionally 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, an official name was given as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study group. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the Coronavirus disease-2019 as COVID-19. The epidemics of COVID-2019 have been recorded over 113 countries/territories/areas apart from China and filched more than 4292 humans, affecting severely around 1,18,326 cases in a short span. The status of COVID-2019 emergency revised by the WHO within 42 days from Public Health International Emergency (January 30, 2020) to a pandemic (March 11, 2020). Nonetheless, the case fatality rate (CFR) of the current epidemic is on the rise (between 2-4%), relatively is lower than the previous SARS-CoV (2002/2003)...
Review on Covid-19 (Corona Virus Disease - 19)
Virology & Mycology, 2021
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. Genomic analysis revealed that SARSCoV-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndromelike (SARS-like) bat viruses, therefore, bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broadspectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize and comparatively analyse the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We also discuss the approaches for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak.
Current Pharmacology Reports
Purpose of Review In December 2019, there was an outbreak of viral disease in Wuhan, China which raised the concern across the whole world. The viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus or COVID-19 (CoV-19) is known as a pandemic. After SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most pathogenic virus, hazardous to humans which have raised worries concerning the capacity of current security measures and the human services framework to deal with such danger. Recent Findings According to WHO, the mortality rate of COVID-19 exceeded that of SARS and MERS in view of which COVID-19 was declared as public health emergency of international concern. Coronaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses with single stranded RNA and non-segmented envelopes. Recently, genome sequencing confirmed that COVID-19 is similar to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus, but the major source of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and mechanisms related to its pathogenicity to humans are not yet known. Summary In order to prevent the further pandemic and loss to humanity, scientists are studying the development of therapeutic drugs, vaccines, and strategies to cure the infections. In this review, we present a brief introduction to emerging and re-emerging pathogens, i.e., coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, genome organization, its replication, pathogenicity, impact on socioeconomic growth, and drugs associated with COVID-19.