Latex paint as a delivery vehicle for diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate: predictable boundary layer concentrations and emission rates (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of Sink Effects on VOCs from a Latex Paint
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 1998
The sink strength of two common indoor materials, a carpet and a gypsum board, was evaluated by environmental chamber tests with four volatile organic compounds (VOCs): propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (BEE), and Texanol. These oxygenated compounds represent the major VOCs emitted from a latex paint. Each chamber test included two phases. Phase 1 was the dosing/sorption period during which sink materials (pieces of carpet and gypsum board samples) were exposed to the four VOCs. The sink strength of each material tested was characterized by the amount of the VOCs adsorbed or absorbed. Phase 2 was the purging/de-sorption period during which the chambers with the dosed sink materials were flushed with purified air. The reemission rates of the adsorbed VOCs from the sinks were reflected by the amount of the VOCs being flushed. Phase 1 results indicated that the sink strength for the four target compounds is more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that for ...
Substrate Effects on VOC Emissions from a Latex Paint
Indoor Air, 1997
The effects of two substratesa stainless steel plate and a gypsum boardon the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a latex paint were evaluated by environmental chamber tests. It was found that the amount of VOCs emitted from the painted stainless steel was 2 to 10 times more than that from the painted gypsum board during the 2-week test period. The dominant chemical species emitted were also different between the two substrates. Data analysis indicated that most VOC emissions from the painted stainless steel occurred in the first 100 h via a fast, evaporation-like process. On the other hand, the majority of the gypsum board VOCs were emitted in a later stage via a slow, diffusion-controlled process. There were measurable emissions of VOCs 11 months after paint application on the gypsum board. It is suggested that, instead of the routinely used substrates such as stainless steel plates, real substrates such as wood or gypsum board should be used for the evaluation of emissions in indoor environments.
Indoor air exposure to volatile compounds emitted by paints: experiment and model
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1999
To describe the evaporation of organic solvents from paints and the resulting indoor concentrations, a mathematical model and an indoor paint experiment are presented. The model describes painting in terms of an increasing area of paint during application and two compartments of paint once applied. Evaporation of organic solvents is driven by the vapor pressure of the organic solvent. The experiment revealed concentrations of n-alkanes in indoor air, during painting, and 3 days thereafter. To compare experimental results to model predictions, model parameters were measured at the start of the experiment. Diffusional exchange between paint compartments and fraction of paint applied to the upper compartment were set by expert judgment. Model predictions and experimental results were in agreement, although the timing of the concentration peak appeared difficult to predict.
Atmospheric Environment, 2007
Asthma in children appears to be associated with both phthalate esters and dampness in buildings. An important question is whether the concentrations of phthalate esters correlate with dampness (expressed as relative humidity-RH) in indoor air. The objective was to study the influence of RH on the specific emission rate (SER) of di-(2ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from one type of vinyl flooring in the well characterized Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The vinyl flooring with ca. 17% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer was tested in 6 FLECs at 22 1C. The RH in the 6 FLECs was 10%, 30%, 50% (in triplicate) and 70%. The RH was changed after 248 d in 2 of the 50%-FLECs to 10% and 70%, and to 50% in the 10%-and 70%-FLECs. The data show that the SER of DEHP from vinyl flooring in FLECs during a 1 yr period is independent of the RH. A new physically based emission model for semivolatile organic compounds was found to be consistent with the experimental data and independent of the RH. The model helps to explain the RH results, because it appears that RH does not significantly influence any of the identified controlling mechanisms. r
2019
Phthalates are ubiquitous indoor organic pollutants that are found in different building and consumer materials and are known to cause severe human health problems. In this paper, the emission of these compounds from vinyl floorings (VF) into indoor air has been studied using Automated Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (ATD-GC-MS) and a special device known as micro-chamber or thermal extractor (µ-CTE TM). So a robust analytical ATD-GC-MS method has been developed and validated to analyse eight selected phthalates. Calibration curves were linear (R 2 > 0.99), limit of detection (LOD) was down to 0.004 µg/m 3 , and the values of relative standard deviation (RSD) were less than 15% for all chosen phthalates. Then, a new micro-chamber measurement method based on diffusion has been developed for studying the emission of Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and Din -octyl phthalate (DnOP) from VF at different temperatures and estimating y0 (gas-phase concentration of phthalates on the surface of the material). This method was quite repeatable with 11% RSD for DiNP and 8% for DnOP.
Long-term Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waterborne Paints - Methods of Comparison
Indoor Air, 1991
The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fiom five different waterbonze paints was measured in small climatic chambers u& standard conditions over a one-year penod. The aims of the study were to evaluate the time emission projiles and to develop methods for comparison of different paints. The paints were applied to tin-plated steel sheets. VOCs were sampled on T m TA and analysed by t h l desoqtion and gas chromatography. The chamber concentrations increased rapdly during the jirst feu, hours and then &creased as the emission rates dropped. A mo&l expression including an exponentially decreasing emission rate of the paint film, the air exchange rate, and a normalization of the film thickness was fitted to the concentration v m time data. The time required to reach a given emission rate was estimated and found suitable for comparison of the emission of VOCs fiom the paints. It was found that data sampled within three weeks or less may be sufficient to predict the emission of VOCs up to one year. Reduction of long-term emissionS may be achieved most efficiently by (I) substituting a more volatile VOC whose emis-
Indoor Air, 1993
Time versus concentration data of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from four pre-conditioned building materials were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emisssion Cell (FLEC) at three air exchange rates, 171, 342,684 h ~ ' , respectively, during a period of 240 hours. The materials were a carpet, a linoleum, a water-borne paint, and a sealant. Modeling of the time versus concentration data for two air exchange rates showed that the emission of VOCs from the carpet were best described with a diffusion model in which the diffusion coefficient depends on the concentration gradient f o r all data (exponential diffusion model), while a reduced data set eliminating initial events also could be described with a first order decay incorporating a sink effect. The paint emission data of the polar semi-VOC, Texanol, could be described with a first order decay model incorporating a sink effect for all three air exchange rates. The emission rate constant doubled by doubling the air exchange rate. The emission data for VOCs from the sealant were best described f o r all three air exchange rates by the exponential diffusion model. The best model correlation fit was obtained for hexane, but satisfactory results were also obtained for 2-ethylhexanol and dimethyloctanols. The decay results of linoleum did not allow for modeling leading to the conclusion that an internal concentration gradient had not yet been established under the experimental conditions.
Environmental science & technology, 2018
The particle/gas partition coefficient Kp is an important parameter affecting the fate and transport of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and resulting human exposure. Unfortunately, experimental measurements of Kp exist almost exclusively for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with very few studies focusing on SVOCs that occur in indoor environments. A specially-designed tube chamber operating in the laminar flow regime was developed to measure Kp of the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) for one inorganic (ammonium sulfate) and two organic (oleic acid and squalane) particles. The values of Kp for the organic particles (0.23 ± 0.13 m3/µg for oleic acid and 0.11 ± 0.10 m3/µg for squalane) are an order of magnitude higher than those for the inorganic particles (0.011 ± 0.004 m3/µg), suggesting that the process by which the particles accumulate SVOCs is different. A mechanistic model based on the experimental design reveals that the presence of...
Characterizing Gas-Particle Interactions of Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers, and improved ability to predict emissions of phthalates is of interest because of concern about their health effects. An experimental chamber was used to measure emissions of di-2ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) from vinyl flooring, with ammonium sulfate particles introduced to examine their influence on the emission rate and to measure the partitioning of DEHP onto airborne particles. When particles were introduced to the chamber at concentrations of 100 to 245 μg/m 3 , the total (gas + particle) DEHP concentrations increased by a factor of 3 to 8; under these conditions, emissions were significantly enhanced compared to the condition without particles. The measured DEHP partition coefficient to ammonium sulfate particles with a median diameter of 45 ± 5 nm was 0.032 ± 0.003 m 3 /μg (95% confidence interval). The DEHP-particle sorption equilibration time was demonstrated to be less than 1 min. Both the partition coefficient and equilibration time agree well with predictions from the literature. This study represents the first known measurements of the particle-gas partition coefficient for DEHP. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the emission rate of DEHP is substantially enhanced in the presence of particles. The particles rapidly sorb DEHP from the gas phase, allowing more to be emitted from the source, and also appear to enhance the convective mass-transfer coefficient itself. Airborne particles can influence SVOC fate and transport in the indoor environment, and these mechanisms must be considered in evaluating exposure and human health.