International connectivity in the generation of information and communication technology (ICT) in Spain (original) (raw)
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2002
SANTANGELO G. D. (2002) The regional geography of corporate patenting in information and communications technology (I CT): domestic and foreign dimensions, Reg. Studies 36, 495-514. In the new techno-socio-economic conditions, characterized by an increasing reduction of temporal and spatial barriers, and further globalization of economic activity, paradoxically geography seems to matter more than ever before. This particularly applies to science-based industries (e.g. information and communications technology -IC T), where links between corporate competitors, and rm-university and user-producer relationships are crucial in the development and adoption of new exible technologies. Using U S patents granted to the largest European electronic rms, this paper looks at the interplay between the patenting by domestic and European foreign electronics companies of research and development carried out in I CT elds in German, UK and Italian regions. The ndings suggest that patenting is attracted to existing areas of industrial strength taking a form of cumulative causation. Nonetheless, policy measures may be successful in reversing the trend.
Invention and Collaboration Networks in Latin America: Evidence from Patent Data
Serie Documentos de Trabajo IECON, 2020
This research aims to analyze the collaboration networks associated with the processes of invention and patenting in Latin American countries between 1970 and 2017. To do so, we apply social network analysis techniques to a rich database containing information from patents developed by Latin American inventors and registered in the USPTO during such period. We build and analyze three types of collaboration networks: networks of inventors, networks of innovators (i.e. patent owners) and networks of countries in the region. The study of the structural properties and the evolution of such networks allow us to present unprecedented empirical evidence on the forms of interaction and collaboration to invent in Latin America. This evidence shows that collaboration networks in Latin America are highly fragmented and disconnected. Moreover, networks are notoriously foreign-oriented, i.e. the linkages with external nodes are critical compared to the low presence of local connections. Major differences among the countries of the region can be observed, which allow us to identify different behaviors according to how much they use the patent system and the relative development of the national networks. In a region which has been historically characterized by high heterogeneity, this research allows recognizing specific patterns of innovation at the national level. In sum, the contributions of the paper are three fold. First, it presents novel empirical findings with unique information on interaction patterns at the Latin American level. Second, it allows analyzing the whole region and the main trends in the light of the large research background on invention and development from this region. Finally, it discusses some stylized facts in national cases, with the aim of encouraging new research questions for further research agenda.
Tied In: The Global Network of Local Innovation
1900
In this paper we exploit a unique and rich dataset of patent applications and scientific publications in order to answer several questions concerned with two current phenomena on the way knowledge is produced and shared worldwide: its geographical spread at the international level and its spatial concentration in few worldwide geographical hotspots. We find that the production of patents and scientific publications has spread geographically to several countries, and has not kept within the traditional knowledge producing economies (Western Europe, Japan and the U.S.). We observe that part of this partial geographical spread of knowledge activities is due to the setting up of Global Innovation Networks, first toward more traditional innovative countries, and then towards emerging economies too. Yet, despite the increasing worldwide spread of knowledge production, we do not see the same spreading process within countries, and even we see some increased concentration in some of them. T...
Flows of knowledge from and to cities: an analysis for Barcelona using patent statistics
Research Evaluation, 2004
Patents of 14 European cities are examined during 1991-1995 and 1996-2001 by: city and country of inventor/researcher; city of the organization to which the patent is assigned; and, for Barcelona only, references to nonpatent documents and technological areas of patents. Results regarding co-authorships, coassignation of patents, knowledge retention and leaks, and capacity to capture knowledge are presented.
2009
The innovation process is a fundamental source of economic growth and recent research in urban economics and economic geography suggests that geographical proximity between innovators may be important to technological innovation. Many authors also claim that the rise of a knowledge-based economy and changes in the organization of the innovation process have actually increased the value of such proximity to innovation. But yet there is little empirical research on how knowledge flows between developed countries to developing ones and vice versa. A high level of consensus exists regarding the importance of scientific progress and technological innovation for the growth and competitiveness of firms and for the improvement of national economic performance. Most of the literature focus on international technology diffusion between developed countries, The literature emphasize principally on three channel for the international knowledge diffusion: the international trade that assures free access to knowledge embodied in imported goods (Coe and Helpman 1995) and knowledge in global export markets through "learning by exporting" (Bernard and Jensen 1999) and the contact with advanced foreign firms; the labour mobility that is source of knowledge exchange because workers are endowed with specific know-how (Rhee 1990, Pesola, 2007); and finally foreign direct investment (FDI) (Blomstrom and Kokko 1998, Aitken and Harrison 1999, Crespo and Fontoura 2007) that represents an important source of technological spillovers although the empirical evidence remains mixed with regards to the distributions of benefits between the multinational and domestic companies. In order to test the existence of a further channel in international knowledge diffusion, some recent empirical work analysed in a knowledge production framework (KPF) (Murseth and Verspagen 2002, Bottazzi and Peri 2003, Peri 2005). At sectoral level, Malerba et al. (2007) found that extremely relevant sectoral knowledge flows cross national borders. Only few make a relationship between developing countries and developed ones. Coe et al. (1997) examined north-south R&D spillover. They found that total factor productivity in developing countries is significantly boosted by the R&D stock of industrial countries, which they computed as the import-share-weighted sum of the R&D expenditures of a developing country's trading partners in the north. They interpreted this as evidence of north-south R&D spillover. Hu and Jaffe (2003) examined patterns of knowledge diffusion from U.S. and Japan to Korea and Taiwan using patent citations. They found that Korean patents are more likely to cite Japanese patents than U.S. ones, maybe due to their proximity. They also found that both Korea and Taiwan are surprisingly reliant on relatively recent technology. A comparison of patterns in knowledge diffusion from the US and South East Asia (Korea and Taiwan) and Latina America (Brazil and Mexico) from 1976 till 2002 has been presented in the IV Globelics Conference at Mexico City. Aboites and Beltran (2008) conclusion were that the patterns of knowledge diffusion from US to Latin American and South East Asian countries are quite different. They found that the South East had a higher number of patents granted in USPTO than their Latin American counterparts and the technologies registered in Korea and Taiwan were of high technology (Information and Communications, Electric and Electronics, etc.) meanwhile in Latin America (Brazil and Mexico) the technologies registered were of traditional tech fields (mechanical, chemical, etc.). In their studies, they found also that the citations received (forward) by Korea and Taiwan outnumber the citations received by Mexico and Brazil. That means that the value of knowledge in Asian countries. Montobbio and Sterzi (2008) analysed nature, sources and determinants of international patenting activity in Latin American countries and the extent to which these countries benefit from R&D performed in some developed countries, using a patent citation analysis. They found that that the stock of ideas produced in the US has a strong impact on the international patenting activity of these countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of knowledge flows and technological trajectories, as indicated by patent citations, between North Saharan (NS) countries and South European (SE) countries and explore the nature of these flows during the 1984-2003 period. The results describes the patterns of knowledge diffusion for the NS area counties and SE area countries during the 1983-2004 period are quite different. We found that, obviously, the SE area countries had a higher number of patents granted in EPO than the NS area countries. Furthermore, the technologies registered in SE area countries were evenly distributed across sector meanwhile in NS countries the technologies registered were of traditional tech fields and tend to exclude the Mechanical Elements/Machine Tools/Transport and the Consumer goods sectors. That means that the value of knowledge in SE area countries is more important that the value of NS area countries. The other strong finding, to be further investigate, is the extremely high speed of knowledge diffusion seen both in forward and backward citations from/to the NS area countries for the sector of industrial process.
The Geography and Co-Location of European Technology-Speci fic Co-Inventorship Networks
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
This paper contributes with empirical findings to European co-inventorship location and geographical coincidence of co-patenting networks. Based on EPO co-patenting information for the reference period 2000-2004, we analyze the spatial configuration of 44 technology-specific co-inventorship networks. European co-inventorship (co-patenting) activity is spatially linked to 1259 European NUTS3 units (EU25+CH+NO) and their NUTS1 regions by inventor location. We extract 7.135.117 EPO co-patenting linkages from our own relational database that makes use of the OECD RegPAT (2009) files. The matching between International Patent Classification (IPC) subclasses and 44 technology fields is based on the ISI-SPRU-OST-concordance. We confirm the hypothesis that the 44 co-inventorship networks differ in their overall size (nodes, linkages, self-loops) and that they are dominated by similar groupings of regions. The paper offers statistical evidence for the presence of highly localized European co-inventorship networks for all 44 technology fields, as the majority of linkages between NUTS3 units (counties and districts) are within the same NUTS1 regions. Accordingly, our findings helps to understand general presence of positive spatial autocorrelation in regional patent data. Our analysis explicitly accounts for different network centrality measures (betweenness, degree, eigenvector). Spearman rank correlation coefficients for all 44 technology fields confirm that most co-patenting networks co-locate in those regions that are central in several technology-specific co-patenting networks. These findings support the hypothesis that leading European regions are indeed multi-field network nodes and that most research collaboration is taking place in dense co-patenting networks.
The geographical dispersion of inventor networks in peripheral economies
ZFW – Advances in Economic Geography
In this paper we explore patenting activity in two peripheral economies (Portugal and Greece), to analyze the dispersion of inventor networks. Inventor networks are key conduits through which knowledge flows. Therefore, they can be critical in the catch-up process of peripheral economies – economies that belong to the group of rich countries but have weaker innovation systems. As global value chains fragment into geographically dispersed activities, opportunities arise for peripheral economies to participate in global innovation processes. However, different types of innovation activities have distinct network properties. More codifiable innovative activities can be carried out through collaboration by internationally dispersed teams. On the other hand, activities that are more dependent on tacit knowledge are likely to require the co-location of knowledge workers. This implies that innovation that relies mostly on tacit knowledge will provide limited connectivity benefits for perip...
Technological capacity and innovation in Spain: a qualitative analysis based on patents
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 2003
Technological innovation is a complex process that defines the capacity to produce new products and represents a key element in understanding the level of a country's technological development. It is not, however, easily measurable, even though its relationship with indicators linked to the process of research and development (R&D) and with the existence of technological capacity is recognised. Patents are indicators that provide information not only about the results of the manufacturing process but also the technological innovation processes developed by companies and organisations and the technological capacity deployed. This study has focused on Spanish technological capabilities, through the analysis of the patents that have been applied for and granted on a sector-level basis, the strength of technological cooperation and the quality of the patents measured according to the number of claims.