Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health (original) (raw)
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Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women's Bone Health
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018
In 2011 over 1.7 million people were hospitalized because of a fragility fracture, and direct costs associated with osteoporosis treatment exceeded 70 billion dollars in the United States. Failure to reach and maintain optimal peak bone mass during adulthood is a critical factor in determining fragility fracture risk later in life. Physical activity is a widely accessible, low cost, and highly modifiable contributor to bone health. Exercise is especially effective during adolescence, a time period when nearly 50% of peak adult bone mass is gained. Here, we review the evidence linking exercise and physical activity to bone health in women. Bone structure and quality will be discussed, especially in the context of clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis. We review the mechanisms governing bone metabolism in the context of physical activity and exercise. Questions such as, when during life is exercise most effective, and what specific types of exercises improve bone health, are addressed. F...
Bone health and the exercising female
The Exercising Female
Optimising bone health throughout the lifespan is vital for the prevention of osteoporosis and fracture. Exercise is one of the most important, modifiable determinants of bone strength, although high levels of exercise, particularly if coupled with energy deficiency and menstrual dysfunction, can lead to bone decrements in the exercising female. In this chapter, an overview of bone physiology is given, with a focus on how bone responds to loading through exercise, and to hormone and endocrine activity. The current evidence is reviewed and recommendations provided.
The impact of exercising on bone mineral density in women
Journal of exercise, sports & orthopedics, 2014
The reduction in Bone Mineral Density is important during the ageing process because it can be a potential manifestation of osteoporosis. Aim: The objective was to assess the impact of exercise on bone mineral density in women. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted under the supervision of a physical therapist focused on the bone mineral density of ageing women. One hundred women, 60 years of age or older, were included in the study and underwent bone mineral density evaluation before and after administering two types of exercise. Results: Only 58.8% of the participants had undergone bone mineral density evaluation at some time before the study, and 74.4% were sedentary. No significant difference was found between vertebral and femoral bone mineral density before and after the intervention in both groups. No correlation was found between the evolution of bone mineral density and the age of menarche. Conclusion: Exercise, with or without supervision, also helped to maintain bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, who would have a natural tendency to experience bone mineral density loss.
Exercise and bone health across the lifespan
Biogerontology, 2017
With ageing, bone tissue undergoes significant compositional, architectural and metabolic alterations potentially leading to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disorder, which is characterised by progressive bone weakening and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Although this metabolic disease is conventionally associated with ageing and menopause, the predisposing factors are thought to be established during childhood and adolescence. In light of this, exercise interventions implemented during maturation are likely to be highly beneficial as part of a long-term strategy to maximise peak bone mass and hence delay the onset of age- or menopause-related osteoporosis. This notion is supported by data on exercise interventions implemented during childhood and adolescence, which confirmed that weight-bearing activity, particularly if undertaken during peripubertal development, is capable of generating a significant osteogenic response leading to bone anabolism. R...
The Effect of Physical Activity on Bone Accrual, Osteoporosis and Fracture Prevention
The Open Bone Journal, 2011
Background: Physical activity has been recommended for the prevention and even treatment of osteoporosis because it potentially can increase bone mass and strength during childhood and adolescence and reduce the risk of falling in older populations. However, few reports have systematically investigated the effect of physical activity on bone in men and women of different ages. Purpose: The goal of this study was to review the literature relating to the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density in men and women of various ages. Method: This review systematically evaluates the evidence for the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density. Cochrane and Medline databases were searched for relevant articles, and the selected articles were evaluated. Results: The review found evidence to support the effectiveness of weight bearing physical activity on bone accrual during childhood and adolescence. The effect of weight bearing physical activity was site-specific. In contrast, the role of physical activity in adulthood is primarily geared toward maintaining bone mineral density. The evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on bone is not as solid as that for younger individuals. Conclusions: The effect of weight bearing physical activity is seen in sites that are exposed to loading. There also seems to be a continuous adaptive response in bone to loading. Additional randomized, controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effect of physical activity in the elderly.
Physical activity and bone turnover in women with osteopenia
Vojnosanitetski pregled, 2017
Background/Aim. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeleton characterized by a decrease in bone mass and changes in the bone structure. An increased tendency of the bone tissue for fractures occurs as a consequence of these changes. The initial phase of physiological aging of the bones that gradually leads to osteoporosis is osteopenia. This paper tracks the effects of a specific kind of physical exercise program in women with osteopenia. The aim was to quantify the impact of this program on: the concentration of bone metabolism blood markers, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and physical dimensions. Methods. The sample consisted of 26 women in postmenopause (age 46-58) divided into two groups-experimental group (n = 15) and control group (n = 11). A combined program of exercise consisting of aerobic activities and strength training was applied in the experimental group, while the control group did not join in the exercise program. The program lasted for 7 weeks, three times a week with a break day between the trainings. The intensity of the aerobic training was in the span of 60% to 70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), and the intensity of the strength training was in the span of 60% to 85% of one repetitive maximum (1RM). Osteopenia was diagnosed prior to the experiment by applying a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and the hip. The following was measured before and after the experiment: the level of biochemical markers in the serum [Beta-aspartic acid β-cross laps (CTx), total procollagen type 1 N-terminal peptide (tP1NP) and bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 1RM of leg extensors, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), bodily height and mass, and a calculated Body Mass Index (BMI). Results. Significant changes were determined only in the experimental group. During the experimental period, there was a significant increase of muscle strength and VO2 max, with a decrease of Beta-CTx concentration. No statistically significant changes were recorded in the control group. Conclusion. A 7week period of systematic exercise showed to be sufficient to increase muscle strength and VO2 max, partially also to decrease bone resorption, but insufficient to alter bone volume, bodily mass, and BMI.
Introduction: The most common metabolic bone disease in the world is osteoporosis, the most prominent feature of which is the reduction of minerals and bone marrow matrix. This disease is one of the major health problems in the world. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Osteoporosis and exercise in women resuscitation. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Osteoporosis and exercise in women were selected. Findings: A combination of weight bearing and strengthening activities can increase bone density; however, these exercises must be both intense and permanent and, then, they will be extremely useful in preventing osteoporosis in both young people and the elderly. It must be noted that these exercises are impractical for most women at menopausal age who have degrees of osteoporosis. These patients are more likely to tolerate a gradual, progressive exercise program, including aerobic exercises and light exercises. Conclusion and discussion: Pressure on the bone can change its curvature, increase the tone of the bone surface, and ultimately stimulate the activity of the osteoblasts. Maintain a normal amount of physical activity is enough for preserving bone density prior to menopausal period; however, the threshold of the minimum effect on the bone increases after menopause and, under such conditions, even if a person has the same physical activity as before, a false message is sent to the bones about physical inactivity. Thus, increasing the intensity of exercise is an important factor in order to achieve the goal of maintaining bone mass density in postmenopausal women.
Physical Exercise Increases Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Endocrine Journal, 1994
To examine whether physical exercise is beneficial in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) in three distinct groups of healthy postmenopausal Japanese women aged 49-61 yrs:11 volleyball players (V) and 5 joggers (J), and 9 controls (C) who had not been participating in regular physical activity. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2 L4) and proximal femur using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and at the radius using single Xray photon absorptiometry. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin were also measured by radioimmunoassay. Osteocalcin was determined by enzyme immunoassay. BMD in the lumbar spine was greater in the V and J groups than in the C group (P<0.01). The J group had a significantly lower PTH level than the C group. In contrast to weight-bearing bones, we found no significant differences in BMD at the radius among the three groups. BMD at the distal radius was negatively correlated with years after menopause in both the V group and the J group significantly. These results indicate that regular physical exercise has a positive effect on the maintenance of bone mineral in postmenopausal women and that the protective action is localized in skeletal sites used predominantly for the sport without opposing the negative regulation caused by estrogen deficiency in systemic bones.
Intensity of exercise is associated with bone density change in premenopausal women
Osteoporosis International, 2006
Introduction High-impact exercise is known to be beneficial for bones. However, the optimal amount of exercise is not known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the intensity of exercise and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods We performed a 12-month population–based trial with 120 women (aged 35–40 years) randomly assigned to an exercise group or to a control group. The intensity of the physical activity of 64 women was assessed with an accelerometer–based body movement monitor. The daily activity was analyzed at five acceleration levels (0.3–1.0 g, 1.1–2.4 g, 2.5–3.8 g, 3.9–5.3 g, and 5.4–9.2 g). BMD was measured at the hip, spine (L1–L4), and radius by dual-energy x–ray absorptiometry. The calcaneus was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Results Physical activity that induced acceleration levels exceeding 3.9 g correlated positively with the BMD change in the hip area (ppp Conclusion The intensity of exercise, measured as the acceleration level of physical activity, was significantly correlated with BMD changes. Bone stimulation is reached during normal physical exercise in healthy premenopausal women. In the hip area, the threshold level for improving BMD is less than 100 accelerations per day at levels exceeding 3.9 g.
A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2009
Previous research suggests that physical activity may have a beneficial effect on bone mineral density (BMD) in women. This relationship was explored in a 2-year, randomized, intervention trial investigating the efficacy of exercise and calcium supplementation on increasing peak bone mass in young women. One hundred and twenty-seven subjects (ages of 20-35 years) were randomly assigned either to an exercise program that contained both aerobics and weight training components or to a stretching program. Calcium supplementation (up to 1500 mg/day including dietary intake) or placebo was given in a double-blinded design to all subjects. Spinal trabecular BMD was determined using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Spinal integral, femoral neck, and trochanteric BMD were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and calcaneal BMD by single photon absorptiometry (SPA). Fitness variables included maximal aerobic capacity (VOZmax), and isokinetic muscle performance of the trunk and thigh. Measurements were made at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. Sixty-three subjects (32 exercise, 31 stretching) completed the study, and all the measured bone parameters indicated a positive influence of the exercise intervention. There were significant positive differences in BMD between the exercise and stretching groups for spinal trabecular (2.5%), femoral neck (2.4%), femoral trochanteric (23%), and calcaneal (6.4%) measurements. The exercise group demonstrated a significant gain in BMD for spinal integral (13 f 2.8%, p < 0.02), femoral trochanteric (2.6 f 6.1%,p < 0.05), and calcaneal (5.6 f 5. 1 ,~ < 0.01) measurements. In contrast to exercise, the calcium intervention had no positive effect on any of the bone parameters. In regard to fitness parameters, the exercise group completed the study with significant gains in VOZmax and isokinetic (peak torque) values for the knee flexion and extension and trunk extension. This study indicates that over a 2-year period, a combined regimen of aerobics and weight training has beneficial effects on BMD and fitness parameters in young women. However, the addition of daily calcium supplementation does not add significant benefit to the intervention.