CORR ® ArtiFacts: How We Walk (original) (raw)
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Evolution of foot orthotics—part 2: Research reshapes long-standing theory
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2002
Objective: To challenge casual understanding of the causal mechanisms of foot orthotics. Although the classic orthotic paradigm of Merton L. Root and his colleagues is often acknowledged, the research attempting to explain and validate these mechanisms is far less clear in its appraisal. Data Sources: Studies evaluating the relationship of foot type (medial arch height) and use of foot orthoses to the motions of the foot and ankle were compared and contrasted. A search was conducted to evaluate other possible mechanisms of orthotic intervention. Results: Although Root's methods of foot evaluation (subtalar neutral position) and casting (nonweight-bearing) are well referenced, these methods have poor reliability, unproven validity, and are, in fact, seldom strictly followed. We challenge 2 widely held concepts: that excessive foot eversion leads to excessive pronation and that orthotics provide beneficial effects by controlling rearfoot inversion/eversion. Numerous studies show that patterns of rearfoot inversion/eversion cannot be characterized either by foot type or by orthotics use. Rather, subtle control of internal/external tibial rotation appears to be the most significant factor in maintaining proper supination/pronation mechanics. Recent evidence also suggests that proprioceptive influences play a large, and perhaps largely unexplored, role. Conclusions: Considerable evidence supports the exploration of new theories and paradigms of orthotics use. Investigations of flexible orthotic designs, proprioceptive influences, and the 3-dimensional effects of subtalar joint motion on the entire kinetic chain are areas of research that show great promise. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:125-34)
PLOS ONE, 2022
Humanitarian actors involved in physical rehabilitation, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), usually provide their beneficiaries with lower-limb prostheses comprising Solid Ankle Cushion Heel (SACH) feet as these are considered appropriate (price, durability, low profile to fit a majority of patients, appearance) and reliable for all ambulation levels. However, individuals in low-resource settings having higher ambulation abilities would greatly benefit from dynamic prosthetic feet with improved biomechanics and energy storage and release. Some attempts tried to address this increasing need (e.g. Niagara Foot) but most products proposed by large manufacturers often remain unaffordable and unsuitable to the context of low-resource settings. The design requirements and a price target were defined in partnership with the ICRC according to their initial assessment and used as a starting point for the development process and related technological choices. Numerical simulation and modeling were used to work on the design and to determine the required materials properties (mechanical, chemical, wear), and a cost modeling tool was used to select suitable materials and relevant processing routes (price vs. performance). A prosthetic foot comprising an internal keel made of composite materials, a filling foam, and a cosmetic shell with a foot shape was developed. Manufacturing processes meeting the cost criteria were identified and prototype feet were produced accordingly. These were successfully tested using a compression testing system before gait analyses were performed in the laboratory with non-amputees wearing testing boots. After validation in laboratory conditions, the prototype foot was tested in the field (Vietnam) with 11 trans-tibial unilateral amputees, who showed an increased mobility compared with the SACH foot. The collaboration of different research fields led to the development of a prosthetic foot which met the technical requirements determined by the ICRC's specific needs in its field of operation. The materials PLOS ONE
Biomechanical Analysis of a prosthetic foot Bioc-dm2
2019 International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS), 2019
Walking is one of the aspects directly compromising human wellbeing, as it has a physical and emotional impact in daily life. For this study, we delve into the challenge of improving some walking conditions in a patient suffering lower limb loss, specifically at transtibial or transfemoral levels. Given that our purpose was the analysis, design and manufacture of a lower-limb prosthetic component, which fills the needs for functionality, it became necessary to build a foot with all the quality standards associated to each and all movements required to form the complex fundamental pattern of walking. Besides, this foot should also easily endure weight, daily use and physical characteristics of the patient object of this study. When performing physical validation and during human walk, a proper response is observed in terms of mechanics, materials and dynamics of the component, thus making evident proper construction and assembly. On the other hand, it is feasible that design and verification of the component provided a competitive element, as compared to existing elements currently in the market. The previous situation generated the need for verification from the National Institute for Medications and Food (INVIMA), as well as the revision of the use replying device, for component verification, in accordance with ISO 10328.
Embracing additive manufacture: implications for foot and ankle orthosis design
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2012
Background: The design of foot and ankle orthoses is currently limited by the methods used to fabricate the devices, particularly in terms of geometric freedom and potential to include innovative new features. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, where objects are constructed via a series of sub-millimetre layers of a substrate material, may present the opportunity to overcome these limitations and allow novel devices to be produced that are highly personalised for the individual, both in terms of fit and functionality. Two novel devices, a foot orthosis (FO) designed to include adjustable elements to relieve pressure at the metatarsal heads, and an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) designed to have adjustable stiffness levels in the sagittal plane, were developed and fabricated using AM. The devices were then tested on a healthy participant to determine if the intended biomechanical modes of action were achieved. Results: The adjustable, pressure relieving FO was found to be able to significantly reduce pressure under the targeted metatarsal heads. The AFO was shown to have distinct effects on ankle kinematics which could be varied by adjusting the stiffness level of the device.
A Brief History of Prosthetics and Orthotics of the Lower Body and Their Types20190526 72374 ms8gro
2019
Prosthetics and orthotics are items taken for granted in today's day and age. However, this has not always been the case. The history of these everyday items is long and very colorful. In this chapter, the authors shed light on the history and development of prosthetics and orthotics of the lower body in order to better understand the current state of the art in the fields. A historical perspective is provided followed by enumeration of the types of devices and techniques available without going into the form and function of individual products.
The Journal of the International Society for Prosthetics and
1993
The foot for more comfort and elasticity with optimal cosmesis. This new prosthetic foot combines multiaxial joint movements with the positive qualities of the OTTO BOCK Dynamic Foot. • Dampened heel strike through plantar flexion • Elastic forefoot as in the Dynamic Foot • Pronation and supination possible in any position of the joint • Low degree of transverse rotation due to joint bearing elasticity • For patients who are moderately active The Multiaxial Foot is supplied with a mounted modular adaptor. Alignment recommendations: • Mid foot positioned 10-15 mm anterior to the weight bearing line • Heel heights of 10-15 mm