Effects of neighborhood characteristics on the mortality of black male youth: Evidence from Gautreaux, Chicago (original) (raw)
Related papers
2005
The Gautreaux data for this paper were created with the assistance of the Leadership Council for Metropolitan Open Communities under special agreement with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the National Center for Health Statistics. Generous support for data construction and analysis was provided by Daniel Rose and the MIT Center for Real Estate, the National Bureau of Economic Research, the National Science Foundation (SBE-9876337), the Princeton Center for Economic Policy Studies, and the Princeton Industrial Relations Section. Technical support was provided by the Princeton Office of Population Research (NICHD 5P30-HD32030) and the Princeton Center for Health and Wellbeing. Mortality count data for male youth residing in Chicago community areas were graciously provided by the Illinois Center for Health Statistics. We thank Greg Duncan and members of the Princeton Industrial Relations Section for helpful comments.
Social Science Research, 2006
This study uses the unique design of the Gautreaux residential mobility program to estimate the long-run impacts of placement neighborhood conditions on the AFDC receipt (N = 793) and employment levels (N = 1258) of low-income Black women. We find that women initially placed in neighborhoods with few Black residents and moderate to high neighborhood resources experienced significantly more time employed when compared with women placed in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of Blacks and a low level of resources. Women placed in neighborhoods with high levels of resources and low Black populations also spent significantly less time on welfare than women placed in highly Black segregated areas with low levels of resources.
2007
Using sibling data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics linked with U.S. Census data, this work extends the research on neighborhood effects through an examination of intergenerational neighborhood mobility. We estimate linear and non-linear relationships between childhood and adult neighborhood conditions and use these relationships to determine whether children who grow up in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods are likely to remain in disadvantaged neighborhoods as adults. Further, we examine the extent to which intergenerational neighborhood mobility differs by race. Our results indicate that childhood neighborhood conditions of black and white children are substantially different from one another. Few whites live in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, and few blacks live in the most advantaged neighborhoods. We also find that childhood neighborhood quality has a positive effect on adult neighborhood quality. For whites, this relationship is nonlinear and strong -those children who grow up in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods are far more likely to live in the poorest neighborhoods during adulthood relative to those children who grow up in only slightly better neighborhoods. The relationship between childhood neighborhood quality and adult neighborhood quality is much less strong for blacks.
Demography, 2005
We examined whether the Gautreaux residential mobility program, which moved poor black volunteer families who were living in inner-city Chicago into more-affluent and integrated neighborhoods, produced long-run improvements in the neighborhood environments of the participants. We found that although all the participants moved in the 6 to 22 years since their initial placements, they continued to reside in neighborhoods with income levels that matched those of their placement neighborhoods. Families who were placed in higher-income, mostly white neighborhoods were currently living in the most-affluent neighborhoods. Families who were placed in lower-crime and suburban locations were most likely to reside in low-crime neighborhoods years later.
The Effect of Neighborhood Characteristics on Young Adult Outcomes: Alternative Estimates
Social Science Quarterly
We estimate a set of alternative models to examine the effect of neighborhood characteristics on outcomes among young adult women. The models are motivated by a concern that standard estimates of neighborhood effects may in part reflect the characteristics of families that reside in those neighborhoods. In addition to a "standard" model that includes controls for family background, we estimate fixed-effect models that also control for unobservable family characteristics that may affect young adult outcomes. To do this, we use a sample of sisters drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In models that control for family background, we find evidence of neighborhood effects consistent with other recent work. In the fixed-effect models, however, there are no statistically significant effects that are consistent with standard hypotheses about neighborhood effects. The findings from this exploratory study suggest that one should be cautious about accepting findings of significant neighborhood effects derived from models that do not account for the possible selection of neighborhood.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Neighborhood Attainments in the Transition to Adulthood
Social Forces, 2013
T his paper examines racial and ethnic differences in locational attainments in the transition to adulthood, using longitudinal data about neighborhoods of youth in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. It examines place stratification and life course models of locational attainment during the 1990s, a period during which neighborhood poverty rates were declining for many groups. The analysis reveals durable inequalities in neighborhood poverty from adolescence to young adulthood, particularly for blacks and Hispanic origin subgroups. Family socioeconomic status and emerging educational attainments are associated with decreases in neighborhood poverty, with blacks receiving a stronger return from educational attainments than whites. Despite the benefits of education, racial and ethnic minorities remain more likely to live in considerably more disadvantaged neighborhoods in young adulthood than whites.
Intergenerational Neighborhood-Type Mobility: Examining Differences between Blacks and Whites
Housing Studies, 2007
Using sibling data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics linked with U.S. Census data, this work extends the research on neighborhood effects through an examination of intergenerational neighborhood mobility. We estimate linear and non-linear relationships between childhood and adult neighborhood conditions and use these relationships to determine whether children who grow up in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods are likely to remain in disadvantaged neighborhoods as adults. Further, we examine the extent to which intergenerational neighborhood mobility differs by race. Our results indicate that childhood neighborhood conditions of black and white children are substantially different from one another. Few whites live in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, and few blacks live in the most advantaged neighborhoods. We also find that childhood neighborhood quality has a positive effect on adult neighborhood quality. For whites, this relationship is nonlinear and strong -those children who grow up in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods are far more likely to live in the poorest neighborhoods during adulthood relative to those children who grow up in only slightly better neighborhoods. The relationship between childhood neighborhood quality and adult neighborhood quality is much less strong for blacks.
Neighborhood Disadvantage Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Residential Location in 1970 and 1980
The Sociological Quarterly, 2001
We compare the neighborhood characteristics of native-and foreign-born blacks, whites, Hispanics, and Asians in 1970 and 1980. We broaden the locational attainment literature by emphasizing three contrasts: between black and nonblack groups, between native black and nonblack immigrant groups, and among black groups. Consistent with previous evidence, we find a clear spatial disadvantage for black groups relative to nonblack groups, and for native blacks compared to nonblack immigrant groups, in both years. However, our study reveals a slight advantage for foreign non-Hispanic blacks (e.g., Afro-Caribbean immigrants) among the black groups througho u t the time period. Our results break new ground by extending the analysis of racial and ethnic variation in residential attainment back to 1970. providing an earlier benchmark against which current patterns of residential attainment can be compared.
Household Location and Race: A 20-YEAR Retrospective*
Journal of Regional Science, 2012
In research conducted some 20 years ago, we elucidated the starkly lower suburbanization propensities of black households in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The paper showed that simulated closure of large socioeconomic gaps between blacks and whites did little to diminish prevailing high levels of residential segregation or otherwise enhance moves by black households to areas of educational, employment, and housing opportunity. Some two decades later and in the wake of significant urban evolution, this paper assesses anew racial variations in residential location choice. Results of the multinomial logit (MNL) analysis indicate large, persistent racial differentials in intrametropolitan residential location choice. While black location choice in 2000 was relatively more dispersed than in 1980, it remained remarkably concentrated in D.C. and Prince George's County. As in our prior analysis, results showed that large simulated gains in black economic and educational status had little effect on prevailing racial segregation. These findings underscore the ongoing, limited access of black households to schooling, employment, and homeownership opportunities available outside traditional areas of settlement. In marked contrast, the locational choices of Latino and immigrant households bore greater similarity to those of whites and were more sensitive to improvements in socioeconomic status.
Household Location and Race: A Twenty-Year Retrospective
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
In a paper published in The Review of Economics and Statistics some 20 years ago, we sought to assess the disparate residential location choices of black and white households in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area (Gabriel and Rosenthal [1989]). The paper showed that simulated closure of large socioeconomic gaps between blacks and whites did little to diminish prevailing high levels of residential segregation or otherwise enhance moves by black households to areas of educational, employment, and housing opportunity. In the wake of intervening decades, the current paper applies data from 2000 to assess anew racial variations in residential location choice. Results of the multinomial logit analysis indicate large, persistent racial differentials in residential location choice. While black location choice in 2000 was relatively more dispersed than in 1980, it remained remarkably concentrated in DC and Prince Georges County. As in our prior analysis, results showed that large simulated gains in black economic and educational status had little effect on prevailing racial segregation. These findings underscore the ongoing, limited access of black households to schooling, employment, and housing opportunities available outside traditional areas of settlement. In marked contrast, the locational choices of Latino and immigrant households bore greater similarity to those of whites and were more sensitive to improvements in socioeconomic status.