Coal-Key Energy Resource for the Future in Kenya? A Review (original) (raw)
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A comprehensive review of energy scenario and sustainable energy in Kenya
Fuel Communications, 2021
The review examined the potential of renewable and non-renewable energy resources and the current state of exploitation in Kenya. Energy demand is on the rise, coupled with the rapid increase in population. As a result, the state spends a large amount of money on the importation of oil. Oil and electricity are the primary determiners of the economy. The production mix include 52.1% of hydro, 32.5% of fossil fuels, 13.2% of geothermal energy, 1. 8% of biogas cogeneration, and 0.4% of wind. There is a projection of an increase in current energy demand from 600 MW to 2,60 0-360 0 MW by 2020. The national energy review indicates that there is a significant reliance on wood for fuel and the other biomass accounting for 68% of overall energy usage. It's used especially among the rural areas, urban, and informal market which has considerably affected its supply and demand. Consequently, there is the destruction of most of the vegetation and the forests and existing ones are on the verge of diminishing. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum manages its overall strategy and provides advice on the production and growth of energy sub-sector, including power, petroleum and renewable energy. The major problem in the energy sector is limitation in accessibility to the modern energy, high pressure on biomass supplies, rising energy prices, high demand for electricity than the ability to build new generation, inability of Kenyan Power and Lighting Company to link every consumer willing to purchase and consider cost of rural electrification by grid development due to dispersion.
A Review of Energy Access in Kenya
Researchjournali’s Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2018
The energy sector in Kenya has made exponential progress in the past 20 years. Through the Vision 2030, a blue print for Kenya's development progress, energy flagship projects have been outlined. Doubling energy capacity to an ambitious goal of 23000MW is critical to the energy sector. This is aligned with the governments' effort to reduce energy cost by 30% in the high consuming industrial and manufacturing sectors stimulating their growth. Through the current Energy Act of 2018, the government aims to develop a sustainable and competitive energy sector that doesn't deplete environmental resources available. Building an environmental and energy nexus that is cost-effective to all. The government has also put in place programs and agencies such as the Last Mile Connectivity project, Rural Electrification Agency and Least Cost Power Development Plan intending to enhance energy access for small businesses particularly among the poor in rural areas. This paper gives a review for the current energy situation in Kenya with relevance to SDG-7, bottlenecks to energy access, government actions, and policy interventions relating to energy infrastructure situation in Kenya. This paper is pegged to evaluate the progress and key challenges that keep befalling Kenya's energy sector. A conclusion and government intervention through policy are outlined.
Analysis of Planning Strategies for Sustainable Electricity Generation in Kenya from 2015 to 2035
Global Challenges
That has necessitated the country to review its planning strategies to keep up with the rapidly increasing population and growth domestic product (GDP) having a realization growth rate in Kenya grew with an average of 5.45% annually from 2004 until 2019. [8] The installed generation capacity has increased considerably over the past five years, rising from 2298 MW in FY 2014/15 to 2712 MW in FY 2018/19, representing an annual average growth rate of 4.52%. As of December 2019, the installed capacity had increased to 2819 MW inclusive of off-grid power. Peak demand also grew from 1512 MW recorded in FY 2014/15 to 1882 MW recorded in FY 2018/19, annual average growth of 4.89%. Peak demand of 1912 MW was recorded in October 2019. The sum of installed capacity in 2015 was 2298 MW. [6] To address the challenges in the power sector in Kenya that has arisen primarily because of increased electricity demand in Kenya, major reforms have been undertaken. [9] However, the lack of proper power planning raised a lot of challenges to the Kenyan economy due to the use of thermal power and thus increased green house gases (GHGs) emissions. With this in mind, the country is dedicated to lowering the levels of GHGs emissions from the business as usual (BAU) scenario levels by 30% (143 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (M t CO 2eq)) by the year 2030 as envisaged by Kenya's intended nationally determined contribution, subject to being granted global financial support, trade, technological enhancement plus transfer in addition to capacity-building. [10] Therefore, the key objective of this study is to analyze the planning strategies for sustainable electricity generation in Kenya from 2015 to 2035. 2. Methodology In this research, energy scenarios were modeled using a computer-based low emissions analysis platform (LEAP). Demand, transformation/power supply, and environmental analyses were performed over time in selected demographic, social-economic environments to evaluate future power supply scenarios under particular policy conditions. The areas studied included; electricity supply and an analysis of the demand in Kenya in 2015, design of three scenarios, electricity sector simulation employing LEAP for the period 2015-2035, an in-depth comparison of the alternative scenarios looking at capacity added, costs, and GHGs emissions. This research entails the simulation of three possible power scenarios for Kenya from 2015 to 2035 using low emissions analysis platform (LEAP). These scenarios represent the unfolding future electricity generation that will fully satisfy the demand while considering the following: energy security, power generation cost, and impacts on the environment. These scenarios are reference scenario (RS), coal scenario (CS), nuclear scenario (NS), and more renewable scenario (MRS). The findings obtained reveals that the most sustainable scenario while comparing the costs was found to be the coal scenario with a net present value (NPV) of 30052.67millionthoughithasthehighestgreenhousegases(GHGs)emissions.However,themorerenewablescenario(MRS)hastheleastGHGsemissionsbutisfoundtobethemostexpensivescenariotoimplementwithanNPVof30 052.67 million though it has the highest greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. However, the more renewable scenario (MRS) has the least GHGs emissions but is found to be the most expensive scenario to implement with an NPV of 30052.67millionthoughithasthehighestgreenhousegases(GHGs)emissions.However,themorerenewablescenario(MRS)hastheleastGHGsemissionsbutisfoundtobethemostexpensivescenariotoimplementwithanNPVof30 733.07 million.
Utilising Clean Coal Technologies For Meeting Nigeria’s Energy Needs
Coal is expected to remain one of the dominant fuels in global electricity power generation as a result of its low cost, high reliability and high availability. In Nigeria, however, coal is yet to make a significant contribution to Nigeria’s energy needs because of the numerous challenges associated with coal electricity power generation. One of the challenges is that the use of coal to generate electric power produces toxic gases which are hazardous to human health and the environmental; it is also perceived as dirty to the environment. This paper focuses on the roles clean coal technologies can play in the sustainable exploitation of Nigeria’s coal reserves and how it can be effectively utilized to meet Nigeria’s energy needs. The Nigerian situation on electricity is reviewed and the Nigerian national policy on coal utilization is evaluated. Ways in which some aspects of the policy can be implemented are suggested. A number of clean coal technologies that can help overcome the challenges of electricity power generation were also reviewed. It is concluded that the core of the Nigerian National Policy on Coal should be the promotion of clean coal technology for electricity production. Clean coal technologies can reduce the hazardous gaseous emissions generated by the thermal decomposition of the coal. By developing clean coal technologies Nigeria will be able to use her considerable coal resources better and reduce the emissions of harmful substances associated with coal mining, thereby make a significant contribution to Nigeria’s energy needs.
Increasing demand of electricity and role of coal in developing countries
Energy is one of the major economic growth and social development indexes in the modern world. Its demand has always been increasing at the exponential rate, especially in the developing countries. But it has major share in creating environmental problems, like global warming, climate change and greenhouse effect. Developing countries use oil and gas for power generation, which causes extra burden on their national economy, due to utilization of imported oil and gas. The price of oil and gas are always increasing and is higher than that of coal, per tonne of oil equivalent. This paper suggests that the developing countries like Pakistan, should utilize its indigenous coal reserves for power generation, to meet the energy demands. The environmental problems related with coal have been suggested to control by latest clean coal technologies, and Kyoto Protocol has given them a chance to earn through carbon credit.
2013
A study was conducted in which Seventy nine samples of coal were collected from four different wells of the Mui basin between November, 2005 and July, 2006, and analyzed for calorific value, fixed carbon, moisture content, ash content,, volatile matter, sulphur and iron content. Calorific value was analyzed using the bomb calorimetric method, by igniting a weighed portion of each sample in the bomb for one hour and measuring the corrected rise in temperature. For sulphur, one gram of each sample was mixed with three grams of Eschka mixture and ashed at 825°C for 1 ½ hours in a muffle furnace. The resulting residue was dissolved in hot water, filtered and the filtrate reacted with barium nitrate to precipitate barium sulphate. The Sulphur content was then determined from the total barium sulphate content. Iron in the coal sample, was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples were first ashed at 950°C in a muffle furnace before extracting the iron using aqua regia (a...
COAL – AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR PRESENT AND FUTURE
The technological advancement would be an important element for future energy strategy of the country, as it is related to a range of future demand and supply scenario. The issues of technological choices both on the supply and demand sides need to be understood at this stage, since they are to become an important part of India’s energy solution in the future. India has aimed to achieve an economic growth at a rate of over 8% in the next two decades in order to be able to meet its development objectives. However, rapid economic growth would also imply the need for structural changes in the economy as well as for induced shifts in the patterns of end use demands. To meet the needs of the Indian populace in the most effective manner, it is not only important to map out the energy demand and supply dynamics in the country but also to utilize the available fuels efficiently and economically. It is observed that coal would continue to account for 50% of the energy mix, with around 70% being used by the power sector. Hence coal industry has to take up this challenge to achieve the goal.