Differences in the subgingival microbiome according to stage of periodontitis: A comparison of two geographic regions (original) (raw)
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Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locations
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2004
Background: Most clinical studies assume that the subgingival microbiota is similar from one geographic location to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the composition of the subgingival microbiota in chronic periodontitis subjects from four countries. Method: Subjects with chronic periodontitis (N, Sweden 5 101; USA 5 115; Brazil 5 58; Chile 5 26) were recruited. Subjects were measured at baseline for plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration, pocket depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) at six sites per tooth. Subgingival plaque samples taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth at baseline were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization (total samples 5 6036). % DNA probe counts comprised by each species was determined for each site and averaged across sites in each subject. Significance of differences in proportions of each species among countries was determined using ANCOVA adjusting for age, mean pocket depth, gender and smoking status. p-Values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: On average, all species were detected in samples from subjects in the four countries. Thirteen species differed significantly in adjusted mean proportions among countries even after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Porphyromonas gingivalis, one species that differed in proportions among countries, comprised adjusted means of 7.5, 11.9, 1.6 and 6.6% of the microbiota in subjects from Brazil, Chile, Sweden and USA (po0.001), while mean proportions of Treponema denticola were 6.7, 4.2, 0.8 and 2.3, respectively (po0.001). In contrast, a key periodontal pathogen, Tannerella forsythensis, exhibited mean proportions ranging from 6.2-8.5% and did not differ significantly among countries. Besides these species, prominent species in Brazil were Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 (8.4%, 7.2%) and Prevotella intermedia (6.5%); in Chile, Prevotella melaninogenica (6.4%) and Neisseria mucosa (5.3%); in Sweden A. naeslundii genospecies 2 (8.4%), Capnocytophaga gingivalis (7.1%) and Peptostreptococcus micros (5.0%); in USA A. naeslundii genospecies 2 (7.5%), P. intermedia (6.8%) and C. gingivalis (6.1%). Conclusions: The microbial profiles of subgingival plaque samples from chronic periodontitis subjects in four countries showed surprisingly marked differences. These differences persisted after adjusting for age, mean pocket depth, gender and smoking status.
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2007
Aim: To investigate the subgingival microbiota of distinct periodontitis patient populations, in Chile, Colombia and Spain, using identical clinical and bacteriological methods.Material and Methods: In this multicentre study, 114 chronic periodontitis patients were selected. Patients were examined using an identical clinical protocol and pooled subgingival samples were obtained from each patient. Samples were processed in the three laboratories by means of culturing under identical clinical and microbiological protocols. Total anaerobic counts and frequency of detection and proportions of nine periodontal pathogens were calculated. Variables were analysed by means of anova, χ2, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests.Results: The Colombian population demonstrated greater severity of periodontitis, with significantly deeper mean probing pocket depth, and had a significantly lower percentage of current smokers. When comparing samples from the three patient populations, the total counts were significantly higher in the Colombian patients. The numbers of putative pathogens differed among groups. Tannerella forsythia was found less frequently in Chilean samples, while Parvimonas micra and enteric rods differed significantly among the three population groups.Conclusion: Significant differences among Chile, Colombia and Spain existed regarding the frequency and proportions of specific periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients.
Journal of Periodontology, 2009
Aim-This study compared the subgingival microbiota of subjects with refractory periodontitis (RP) to those in subjects with treatable periodontitis (GR) or periodontal health (PH) using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Methods-At baseline, subgingival plaque samples were taken from 47 periodontitis and 20 PH individuals, and analyzed for the presence of 300 species by HOMIM. The periodontitis subjects were classified as RP (n=17) based on mean attachment loss (AL) and/or >3 sites with AL ≥2.5 mm after SRP, surgery and systemically administered amoxicillin and metronidazole or as GR (n=30) based on mean attachment gain and no sites with AL ≥2.5 mm after treatment. Significant differences in taxa among groups were sought using the Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square tests. Results-More species were detected in diseased patients (GR or RP) than those without disease (PH). RP subjects were distinguished from GR and PH by a significantly high frequency of putative periodontal pathogens such as,
Subgingival microbial profiles in chronic periodontitis patients from Chile, Colombia and Spain
Journal of clinical periodontology, 2008
Aim: To investigate the subgingival microbiota of distinct periodontitis patient populations, in Chile, Colombia and Spain, using identical clinical and bacteriological methods.Material and Methods: In this multicentre study, 114 chronic periodontitis patients were selected. Patients were examined using an identical clinical protocol and pooled subgingival samples were obtained from each patient. Samples were processed in the three laboratories by means of culturing under identical clinical and microbiological protocols. Total anaerobic counts and frequency of detection and proportions of nine periodontal pathogens were calculated. Variables were analysed by means of anova, χ2, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests.Results: The Colombian population demonstrated greater severity of periodontitis, with significantly deeper mean probing pocket depth, and had a significantly lower percentage of current smokers. When comparing samples from the three patient populations, the total counts were significantly higher in the Colombian patients. The numbers of putative pathogens differed among groups. Tannerella forsythia was found less frequently in Chilean samples, while Parvimonas micra and enteric rods differed significantly among the three population groups.Conclusion: Significant differences among Chile, Colombia and Spain existed regarding the frequency and proportions of specific periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014
The oral microbiome plays a key role for caries, periodontitis and systemic diseases. A 21 method for rapid, high resolution, robust taxonomic profiling of subgingival bacterial 22 communities for early detection of periodontitis biomarkers would therefore be a useful tool 23 for individualized medicine. Here we used Illumina sequencing of the V1-V2 and V5-V6 24 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A sample stratification pipeline was 25 developed in a pilot study of 19 individuals, of which 9 had been diagnosed with chronic 26 periodontitis. 523 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the V1-V2 region 27 and 432 OTUs from the V5-V6 region. Key periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas 28 gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia could be identified at the species 29 level with both primer sets. Principal Coordinate Analysis identified two outliers consistently 30 independent of the hypervariable region and method of DNA extraction used. The linear 31 discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size algorithm (LEfSe) identified 80 OTU-level 32 biomarkers of periodontitis and 17 of health. Health and periodontitis related clusters of 33 OTUs were identified using a connectivity analysis and confirmed previous studies with 34 several thousands of samples. A machine learning algorithm was developed which was 35 trained on all but one sample and then predicted the diagnosis of the left-out sample (jack-36 knife method). Using a combination of the ten best biomarkers, 15 out of 17 samples were 37 correctly diagnosed. Training the algorithm on time-resolved community profiles might 38 provide a highly sensitive tool to detect the onset of periodontitis. 39 40 Chronic periodontitis affects roughly 750 million people, making it one of the most prevalent 41 infections worldwide (1). Its outcome can ultimately be tooth loss, but additionally it is 42 associated with several systemic conditions like artherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (2). 43 Periodontitis is the result of the dynamic interactions between a highly complex oral 44 microbial community and the host immune system, and its etiology is not causally understood 45 (3). The "polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model" (4) takes into account the extensive 46 research on individual periodontal pathogens as well as the recent next generation sequencing 47 results, suggesting that periodontitis is triggered by 'keystone' pathogens like 48 Porphyromonas gingivalis which are able to manipulate the immune response of the host.
Scientific Reports, 2021
The present study used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to assess the impact on salivary microbiome of different grades of dental and periodontal disease and the combination of both (hereinafter referred to as oral disease), in terms of bacterial diversity, co-occurrence network patterns and predictive models. Our scale of overall oral health was used to produce a convenience sample of 81 patients from 270 who were initially recruited. Saliva samples were collected from each participant. Sequencing was performed in Illumina MiSeq with 2 × 300 bp reads, while the raw reads were processed according to the Mothur pipeline. The statistical analysis of the 16S rDNA sequencing data at the species level was conducted using the phyloseq, DESeq2, Microbiome, SpiecEasi, igraph, MixOmics packages. The simultaneous presence of dental and periodontal pathology has a potentiating effect on the richness and diversity of the salivary microbiota. The structure of the bacterial community in oral hea...
Subgingival Microbiota of Chilean Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Journal of Periodontology, 2004
Background: An association between race/ethnicity and the composition of the subgingival microbiota has been found in chronic periodontitis. A study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis in Chileans residing in Santiago. Methods: Twenty-six subjects (mean age 45±7 years) with chronic periodontitis, mean probing depth (PD) 2.63 ± 0.5 mm, mean attachment level (AL) 3.70 ± 0.77 mm, and without a history of periodontal therapy were selected. Measurements of PD, AL, bleeding on probing, and plaque accumulation were recorded at six sites per tooth. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of every tooth and evaluated for the presence, levels, and proportions of 40 bacterial taxa using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The microbial data of the Chileans were compared with data from 115 chronic periodontitis patients from Boston, Massachusetts. Since several clinical and demographic parameters differed between the two populations, significance of differences for each species was determined using analysis of covariance, adjusting for age, plaque level, mean PD, gender, and smoking status. Results: Each of the individual test species was present in at least 25 of the 26 subjects, and 12 subjects (46.1%) harbored all 40 test species. With the exception of Prevotella intermedia, all test species colonized more than 75% of sites, and 25 species colonized ≥90% of sites including the co-colonizing species of advanced periodontal lesions, termed the red complex, composed of the three species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), and Treponema denticola as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Treponema socranskii. Sixteen of the 40 species differed significantly between Chilean and U.S. subjects. Red, yellow, and other complexes were significantly higher in the Chileans, while the Actinomyces were higher in the U.S. subjects. Conclusions: The composition of the subgingival plaque differs among different subject populations. Thus, care should be taken when extrapolating the findings of one study to different ethnic groups.
mBio, 2015
The human microbiome influences and reflects the health or disease state of the host. Periodontitis, a disease affecting about half of American adults, is associated with alterations in the subgingival microbiome of individual tooth sites. Although it can be treated, the disease can reoccur and may progress without symptoms. Without prognostic markers, follow-up examinations are required to assess reoccurrence and disease progression and to determine the need for additional treatments. To better identify and predict the disease progression, we aim to determine whether the subgingival microbiome can serve as a diagnosis and prognosis indicator. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we characterized the dynamic changes in the subgingival microbiome in periodontitis patients before and after treatment at the same tooth sites. At the taxonomic composition level, the periodontitis-associated microorganisms were significantly shifted from highly correlated in the diseased state to poorly ...
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2006
Background and Aim: Specific microbial profiles that may distinguish between generalized aggressive-periodontitis (GAgP) and generalized chronic-periodontitis (GCP) have, to date, not been described. The purpose of the present study was to describe the subgingival microbial composition of Mexican subjects with GAgP and compare it with that of individuals with GCP and periodontal health (PH).Material and Methods: Seventy-seven subjects with GAgP (n=19), GCP (n=39) and PH (n=19) were selected. Clinical measurements included plaque accumulation, gingival erythema, bleeding on probing, suppuration, pocket depth and attachment level. Up to 28 subgingival plaque samples were obtained from each subject and analysed using the checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization technique.Results: GAgP and GCP subjects harboured significantly higher levels and/or proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (levels: p<0.001, proportion: p<0.01), Prevotella nigrescens (p<0.05 levels) and “red” complex species (p<0.001 proportion) than PH subjects. All GAgP subjects were carriers of P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens. No significant differences in any of the 40 microbial species tested were detected between GAgP and GCP subjects.Conclusions: Our results revealed that the microbial differences between GAgP and GCP subjects were only discrete and none of the bacterial species tested seemed to specifically differentiate the subgingival microbial profile of either periodontitis group.
2018
BACKGROUND: Polymicrobial etiology of periodontal disease and importance of dental plaque in its initiation and progression have been extensively documented. Transition from periodontal health to disease is associated with shift in the structure of bacterial community that inhabits subgingival niche. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing and newer bioinformatics tools have enabled understanding the complexity of subgingival microbiome in periodontal health and disease. Though pocket associated biofilm has been extensively researched, chronic periodontitis characterized by gingival recession with gingival inflammation is less often studied in terms of its microbial community. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize subgingival microbiome using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technology in periodontal health and gingival recession. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of eight subgingival plaque samples, comprising four samples from periodontally healthy sites and four...