Building biases in infancy: the influence of race on face and voice emotion matching (original) (raw)
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Race-based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2009
The other-race effect (ORE) is the tendency of racial information to disrupt the processing of faces of other races. In effect, adults tend to distinguish between own-race faces (ie, faces in their own racial category) more easily than between other-race faces (ie, faces that are not in their ...
Neural Processing of Other-Race Faces as a Function of Racial Familiarity: A P300 Study
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
Background: The other-race categorisation advantage (ORCA) is a well-established phenomenon, whereby other-race faces are categorised faster than own race faces. Objectives: This study investigated whether extraverts would demonstrate an ORCA-like effect toward unfamiliar other-race faces and familiar other-race faces in a modified oddball and choice reaction paradigm. Methods: This event-related potential (ERP) study employed a repeated measures experimental design with one independent variable (racial familiarity) and three levels (familiar other-race/Malay faces, unfamiliar other-race/African faces, control group/furniture photos). In the oddball task, African faces and Malay faces were the target stimuli and furniture photos were the standard stimuli. Electroencephalography data (EEG) was collected during the oddball task, from which ERP components were derived. Results: The reaction time (RT) for African and Malay faces were not significantly different. Significant effect of ...
No other race effect (ORE) for infant face recognition: A memory task
Neuropsychologia, 2020
The aim of this study was to investigate how the other-race and baby schema effects interacted during face perception and recognition processes. 384 pictures representing Caucasian and non-Caucasian faces of infants and adults were shown to 24 Caucasian adult participants in an old/new recognition task. EEG/ERPs were recorded during face encoding and a successive memory session. ERP data showed a baby schema effect on N170, anterior N2 and P300 responses, which were larger to infant than adult faces, regardless of ethnicity. Conversely, an ORE was found, but only for adults faces, with N170 and N400 being larger to Caucasian than non-Caucasian adult faces. Consistently, reaction times were faster to unfamiliar faces of Caucasian than non-Caucasian adults, while no ORE was found for infants. SwLORETA, applied to the difference-waves (Caucasian-non Caucasian) elicited by adults faces (ORE), showed the strong activation of areas representing person-related information (i.e., inferior temporal gyrus), prejudice representation (i.e., the superior and middle frontal gyri), and theory of mind (i.e., the supramarginal gyrus and superior parietal lobe). The lack of ethnicity effect for infants faces is discussed in the light of their innate collative and attention capturing properties.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2011
Fixation duration for same-race (i.e., Asian) and other-race (i.e., Caucasian) female faces by Asian infant participants between 4 and 9 months of age was investigated with an eye-tracking procedure. The age range tested corresponded with prior reports of processing differences between same- and other-race faces observed in behavioral looking time studies, with preference for same-race faces apparent at 3 months of age and recognition memory differences in favor of same-race faces emerging between 3 and 9 months of age. The eye-tracking results revealed both similarity and difference in infants’ processing of own- and other-race faces. There was no overall fixation time difference between same race and other race for the whole face stimuli. In addition, although fixation time was greater for the upper half of the face than for the lower half of the face and trended higher on the right side of the face than on the left side of the face, face race did not impact these effects. However, over the age range tested, there was a gradual decrement in fixation time on the internal features of other-race faces and a maintenance of fixation time on the internal features of same-race faces. Moreover, the decrement in fixation time for the internal features of other-race faces was most prominent on the nose. The findings suggest that (a) same-race preferences may be more readily evidenced in paired comparison testing formats, (b) the behavioral decline in recognition memory for other-race faces corresponds in timing with a decline in fixation on the internal features of other-race faces, and (c) the center of the face (i.e., the nose) is a differential region for processing same- versus other-race faces by Asian infants.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Processing Own- and Other-Race Faces
Brain Topography, 2013
Most adults have more experience in identifying faces of their own race than in identifying faces from another race, and thus may be considered as own-race face experts. This effect was investigated by recording and analyzing ERPs as well as induced gamma oscillations. The race modulation occurred post the stage of structural processing revealed by N170. Larger P2 component and induced gamma activity for own-race than other-race faces could be associated with more elaborate processing on the basis of configural computation due to more experience that we have for own-race faces.
Brain Research, 2011
The own-race bias (ORB) is a well-documented recognition advantage for own-race (OR) over cross-race (CR) faces, the origin of which remains unclear. In the current study, eventrelated potentials (ERPs) were recorded while Caucasian participants age-categorized Black and White faces which were digitally altered to display either a race congruent or incongruent facial structure. The results of a subsequent surprise memory test indicated that regardless of facial structure participants recognized White faces better than Black faces. Additional analyses revealed that temporally-early ERP components associated with face-specific perceptual processing (N170) and the individuation of facial exemplars (N250)
Recognition of own‐race and other‐race faces by three‐month‐old infants
Journal of Child Psychology …, 2004
Background: People are better at recognizing faces of their own race than faces of another race. Such race specificity may be due to differential expertise in the two races. Method: In order to find out whether this other-race effect develops as early as face-recognition skills or whether it is a long-term effect of acquired expertise, we tested face recognition in 3-month-old Caucasian infants by conducting two experiments using Caucasian and Asiatic faces and a visual pair-comparison task. We hypothesized that if the other race effect develops together with face processing skills during the first months of life, the ability to recognize own-race faces will be greater than the ability to recognize other-race faces: 3-month-old Caucasian infants should be better at recognizing Caucasian faces than Asiatic faces. If, on the contrary, the other-race effect is the long-term result of acquired expertise, no difference between recognizing own-and other-race faces will be observed at that age. Results: In Experiment 1, Caucasian infants were habituated to a single face. Recognition was assessed by a novelty preference paradigm. The infants' recognition performance was better for Caucasian than for Asiatic faces. In Experiment 2, Caucasian infants were familiarized with three individual faces. Recognition was demonstrated with both Caucasian and Asiatic faces. Conclusions: These results suggest that (i) the representation of face information by 3-month-olds may be race-experience-dependent (Experiment 1), and (ii) short-term familiarization with exemplars of another race group is sufficient to reduce the otherrace effect and to extend the power of face processing (Experiment 2).
The Influence Of Perceptual Narrowing On Emotion Processing During Infancy
2012
During the first year of life, infants' capacities for face processing are shaped by experience with faces in their environment; a process known as perceptual narrowing. Perceptual narrowing has been found to lead to a decline in infants' abilities to identify and differentiate faces of other races. In the current study, it is hypothesized that this decline may also lead to differential processing of emotion information in own-versus other-race faces. In the current research, we recorded electrophysiological data (Eventrelated potential; ERP) from 5-and 9-month-old infants while they were presented with paired emotion non-verbal sounds and faces. ERPs in response to the sounds suggest that both 5-and 9-month old infants differentiate happy and sad sounds. The pattern of results, however, is different across ages. ERPs in response to the faces suggest that whereas 5-month-olds exhibit differential responses to happy and sad faces for both the N290 and P400 components, 9-month-olds did not differentiate happy and sad faces. Nine-month old infants did exhibit a great P400 in response to own-relative to other-race faces. These results suggest that although both 5-and 9-month olds differentiate happy and sad emotional sounds, their processing of emotion faces differs.
Infant attention to same- and other-race faces
Cognition, 2017
We recorded visual attention to same-and other-race faces in Hispanic and White 11-month-old infants, an age at which face processing is presumably biased by an own-race recognition advantage. Infants viewed pairs of faces differing in race or ethnicity as their eye movements were recorded. We discovered consistently greater attention to Black over Hispanic faces, to Black faces over White faces, and to Hispanic over White faces. Inversion of face stimuli, and infant ethnicity, had little effect on performance. Infants' social environments, however, differed sharply according to ethnicity: Hispanic infants are almost exclusively exposed to Hispanic family members, and White infants to White family members. Moreover, Hispanic infants inhabit communities that are more racially and ethnically diverse. These results imply that race-based visual attention in infancy is closely aligned with the larger society's racial and ethnic composition, as opposed to race-based recognition, which is more closely aligned with infants' immediate social environments.
The Other-Race Effect Develops During Infancy: Evidence of Perceptual Narrowing
Psychological Science, 2007
Experience plays a crucial role in the development of face processing. In the study reported here, we investigated how faces observed within the visual environment affect the development of the face-processing system during the 1st year of life. We assessed 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old Caucasian infants' ability to discriminate faces within their own racial group and within three other-race groups (African, Middle Eastern, and Chinese). The 3-month-old infants demonstrated recognition in all conditions, the 6-month-old infants were able to recognize Caucasian and Chinese faces only, and the 9-month-old infants' recognition was restricted to own-race faces. The pattern of preferences indicates that the other-race effect is emerging by 6 months of age and is present at 9 months of age. The findings suggest that facial input from the infant's visual environment is crucial for shaping the face-processing system early in infancy, resulting in differential recognition accuracy for faces of different races in adulthood.