Plume characteristics of MPD thrusters - A preliminary examination (original) (raw)
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Experimentally Characterizing the Plume of a Divergent Cusped-Field Thruster
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1] Models that assess aerosol effects on regional air quality and global climate parameterize aerosol sources in terms of amount, type, and injection height. The multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite retrieves total column aerosol optical thickness (AOT), and aerosol type over cloud-free land and water. A stereo-matching algorithm automatically retrieves reflecting-layer altitude wherever clouds or aerosol plumes have discernable spatial contrast, with about 500-m accuracy, at 1.1-km horizontal resolution. Near-source biomass burning smoke, volcanic effluent, and desert dust plumes are observed routinely, providing information about aerosol amount, particle type, and injection height useful for modeling applications. Compared to background aerosols, the plumes sampled have higher AOT, contain particles having expected differences in Angstrom exponent, size, single-scattering albedo, and for volcanic plume and dust cloud cases, particle shape. As basic thermodynamics predicts, thin aerosol plumes lifted only by regional winds or less intense heat sources are confined to the boundary layer. However, when sources have sufficient buoyancy, the representative plumes studied tend to concentrate within discrete, high-elevation layers of local stability; the aerosol is not uniformly distributed up to a peak altitude, as is sometimes assumed in modeling. MISR-derived plume heights, along with meteorological profile data from other sources, make it possible to relate radiant energy flux observed by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), also aboard the Terra spacecraft, to convective heat flux that plays a major role in buoyant plume dynamics. A MISR climatology of plume behavior based on these results is being developed.
Exploring the High-altitude Nuclear Detonation and Magnetic Storms.pdf
The High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND) experiments were carried between 1958/62 by both the United States of America (USA) and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the Starfish HND resulted in many phenomena, it discharged great amount of beta particles and debris, releasing intense gamma radiation which ionized atoms and molecules, resulting in Compton electrons and the production of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP); the experiment also produced intense magnetic field, measured worldwide, with magnitude inversely proportional to square of the radial distance; the graph near the detonation center gave similar characteristics to the Magnetic Storms (MS); these characteristics were analyzed, whereas in both phenomenon, an External Magnetic Field-Moment (ExMFM) was produced; both the source and magnitude of the produced ExMFM were also analyzed and a mechanisms suggested for EMP production; characteristics regulating both phenomena are disclosed and elaborated from different perspectives; it is with hope that this will help in the process towards better understanding to some aspects related to the ExMF production in which if managed will be an advancement of the long awaited alternative renewable energy.
Public recioarig burden for this collection of iflormation is estimated to average I flour par resconse. .nciuorng the time for reuawing instructions sercfhg eisting Wat jource garnerIng and maintaining the atre needed. and conroisting and reviewing the coiiecrion of informartion Send comrents regarding is burden estimttae or an, olre, asoec ,i '"5 cooiection of information, including suggestions for reducing this tburden, to wasningiol Headquarters Serveices. Directorate tor informtation Oerotions arnd Regins 1215 o.snn Davis Highwtay. Suits 1204. Ariington. VA 22202-4302. and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperiwork Reduction P cict:0704-01881 Washiingtonr OC 20503 4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Tar.get Area Studies C-03 rC-i