A Comprehensive Survey of the Recently Proposed Localization Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks (original) (raw)
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Localization schemes in Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN): A Survey
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is much more attractive area for the researchers due to its versatile applications like tactical surveillance, assisted navigation, equipment monitoring, oceanography data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention and seismic monitoring. The researchers are also collecting the scientific data from underwater environment for observing mission. Due to the continuous node movement in underwater environment creates the majority of the problems for localization. Localization is one of the major issues in underwater environment. This survey paper focuses the different valuable localization schemes which focus the open issues and challenges for researchers.
Localization Techniques and Their Challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are widely used to explore aqueous environment. In UWSN, determining the location of sensor nodes is a critical issue. Sensed data is meaningful only when sensing node is localized. There are many techniques available for localization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) but they are not applicable in UWSN. GPS signals cannot be used underwater for localization. Underwater communication is based on acoustic waves. This paper explores the different localization schemes available for UWSN and challenges to meet the localization issue. Node mobility, high propagation delay, time synchronization and high bit error rate are the main challenges that need to be addressed. KeywordsUnderwater Wireless Sensor Network, Localization, Acoustic Communication.
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The main objective of this research paper is to review and analyze the different existing localization algorithms techniques that are used to overcome the localization issue in the wireless sensor network. Underwater Wireless sensor networks consists up of small sensor nodes that are placed in huge quantity over a large water surface region to perform several tasks like sensing the data and communicate with other devices. Most of the applications of underwater wireless sensor networks like forest fire detection required the exact position of the sensing element. The main motive of the localization process is to localize the coordinates to the every node with unidentified location in the sensing area of underwater. In this paper, we have discussed various localization algorithms for localizing the sensor nodes like particle swarm optimization; bees optimization algorithm, bat algorithm, cuckoo optimization and butterfly optimization algorithm etc. are reviewed. The detail analysis of...
A Collaborative Localization algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks
In this paper, we propose a Multi-Anchor Nodes Collaborative Localization (MANCL) algorithm, a threedimensional (3D) localization scheme considering anchor nodes and upgrade anchor nodes within two hops for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). The MANCL algorithm divides the whole localization process into four sub-processes: ordinary node localization process, iterative location estimation process, improved 3D Euclidean distance estimation process and 3D DV-Hop distance estimation process based on two-hop anchor nodes. In the third sub-process, we propose a communication mechanism and a vote mechanism to determine the temporary positions of ordinary nodes. In the fourth sub-process, we use two-hop anchor nodes to help ordinary nodes with localization. We also evaluate and compare the MANCL algorithm with the Large-Scale Localization (LSL) algorithm in terms of localization ratio, average localization error and average energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the MANCL algorithm can achieve a high localization ratio and reduce the localization error while saving more energy to prolong the network lifetime.
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014
Recently underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have drawn much attention because of their great value in many underwater applications where human operation is hard to carry out. In this paper, we introduce and compare the performance of four localization algorithms in UASNs, namely, distance vector-hop (DV-hop), a new localization algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks (NLA), large-scale hierarchical localization (LSHL), and localization scheme for large scale underwater networks (LSLS). The four algorithms are all suitable for large-scale UASNs. We compare the localization algorithms in terms of localization coverage, localization error, and average energy consumption. Besides, we analyze the impacts of the ranging error and the number of anchor nodes on the performance of the localization algorithms. Simulations show that LSHL and LSLS perform much better than DV-hop and NLA in localization coverage, localization error, and average energy consumption. The performance of NLA is similar to that of the DV-hop. The advantage of DV-hop and NLA is that the localization results do not rely on the number of anchor nodes; that is, only a small number of anchor nodes are needed for localization. Recently many localization algorithms for WSNs and UASNs have been proposed . The authors classify localization algorithms into two categories [7]: range-based algorithms and range-free algorithms. The former contains the protocols which calculate locations of unknown nodes by estimating absolute point-to-point distances or angles,
Single Anchor Node Based Localization in Mobile Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2015
Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) provide a promising solution for aquatic applications. Localization in Mobile Underwater Sensor Networks is very challenging because of the harsh environmental characteristics and limitations of radio communication. Minimization of energy utilization is another critical issue in UWSN domain. Hence, networking protocols with least communication overhead are desirable. In this paper, we propose a single anchor node based localization scheme to minimize communication packets required for location estimation. A sensor node estimates its location using Time of Arrival and Angle of Arrival measurements. Location of mobile anchor nodes is updated periodically by adopting the mobility pattern of particles in ocean waves. We analyzed the performance of the scheme with real geographic coordinates of different locations in the Arabian ocean collected using Google Earth. Experimental results showed that the proposed method provided better performance for short range sensor nodes.
A Survey on Underwater Localization, Localization Techniques and Its Algorithms
Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Information Science (EEEIS 2017)
Underwater localization are an importantpart of underwater sensor networks (USNs). USNs attracted significant attention, they are widely used for many applications, such as tsunami before the reaching inhabited areas, pollution monitoring, civilian and military applicationsOcean resource exploration, USNs which are mounted on the ocean bottom can detect earth quakes and Ocean monitoring. The variable speed of sound and the non-negligible node mobility due to water currents create a unique set of challenges for localization in UWSNs. This present a comprehensive survey of different techniques which are employed in USNs. This survey paper mainly focus on USNs, Localization techniques and its algorithms.
A Review of Underwater Localization Techniques, Algorithms, and Challenges
Journal of Sensors, 2020
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the field of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), which is a basic source for the exploration of the ocean environment. A range of military and civilian applications is anticipated to assist UWSN. The UWSN is being developed by the extensive wireless sensor network (WSN) applications and wireless technologies. Therefore, in this paper, a review has been presented which unveils the existing challenges in the underwater environment. In this review, firstly, an introduction to UWSN is presented. After that, underwater localizations and the basics are presented. Secondly, the paper focuses on the architecture of UWSN and technologies used for underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) localization. Various localization techniques are discussed in the paper classified by centralized and distributed localizations. They are further classified into estimated and prediction-based localizations. Also, various underwater localization algor...
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2013
Seaweb is an acoustic communication technology that enables communication between sensor nodes. Seaweb technology utilizes the commercially available telesonar modems that has developed link and network layer firmware to provide a robust undersea communication capability. Seaweb interconnects the underwater nodes through digital signal processing-based modem by using acoustic links between the neighboring sensors. In this paper, we design and investigate a global positioning system-free passive localization protocol by integrating the innovations of levelling and localization with the Seaweb technology. This protocol uses the range data and planar trigonometry principles to estimate the positions of the underwater sensor nodes. Moreover, for precise localization, we consider more realistic conditions namely, (a) small displacement of sensor nodes due to watch circles and (b) deployment of sensor nodes over non-uniform water surface. Once the nodes are localized, we divide the whole network field into circular levels and sectors to minimize the traffic complexity and thereby increases the lifetime of the sensor nodes in the network field. We then form the mesh network inside each of the sectors that increases the reliability. The algorithm is designed in such a way that it overcomes the ambiguous nodes errata and reflected paths and therefore makes the algorithm more robust. The synthetic network geometries are so designed which can evaluate the algorithm in the presence of perfect or imperfect ranges or in case of incomplete data. A comparative study is made with the existing algorithms which proves the efficiency of our newly proposed algorithm.
Performance Evaluation of Localization Algorithms for Mobile Sensor Networks
Journal of Software, 2011
Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have played a more and more important role in these applications. In this paper, we introduce three localization algorithms for large-scale UWSNs: Node Discovery and Localization Protocol (NDLP), Large-Scale Hierarchical Localization Approach (LSHL) and Localization Scheme for Large Scale underwater networks (LSLS). They are all distributed and range-based localization schemes. Moreover, we compare the localization algorithms in three parameters: localization coverage, localization error and average energy consumption. The simulation results demonstrate that LSLS outperforms LSHL and NDLP in terms of localization coverage. LSHL has lower localization error and energy consumption than LSLS in given conditions. NDLP has higher localization error and energy consumption than LSLS and LSHL, but it performs relatively well when the communication range of nodes is big enough.