Ocean in peril: Reforming the management of global ocean living resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (original) (raw)
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The international legal regime for fisheries management
unep.ch, 2004
The paper argues that while individually the four classes of responses do not meet the major challenges facing fisheries today, collectively they provide a very comprehensive and elaborate framework. What is required is more effective implementation of these instruments, through among other things the better coordination within and between national, regional and global institutions; efforts towards assisting developing countries, particularly small island developing States and Territories, with implementation through capacity building; improving data and information for improved decision-making. The paper concludes that there are sufficient instruments and tools to address the current major challenges of fisheries management. Effective implementation of the existing instruments, rather than negotiating additional instruments.
The International Journal of Marine and …, 2008
Th e legal regime for the high seas is fragmented both sectorally and geographically and is incomplete. Governance, regulatory, substantive and implementational gaps in the legal framework serve to limit the effectiveness of the high seas regime in securing a sustainable future for the conservation and use of the high seas environment and its resources. A global approach to further developing the high seas regime based on the concept of international public trusteeship for the oceans beyond national jurisdiction could foster environmentally responsible use of the high seas and its resources and ensure the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to human activities on the high seas. In view of escalating threats to the oceans from existing and emerging uses and from the impacts of climate change, transformation to a legal regime better suited to integrated, cross-sectoral management and preservation of vital ocean ecosystem services and resilience may no longer be a luxury, but rather a necessity.
The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2008
Th e legal regime for the high seas is fragmented both sectorally and geographically and is incomplete. Governance, regulatory, substantive and implementational gaps in the legal framework serve to limit the effectiveness of the high seas regime in securing a sustainable future for the conservation and use of the high seas environment and its resources. A global approach to further developing the high seas regime based on the concept of international public trusteeship for the oceans beyond national jurisdiction could foster environmentally responsible use of the high seas and its resources and ensure the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to human activities on the high seas. In view of escalating threats to the oceans from existing and emerging uses and from the impacts of climate change, transformation to a legal regime better suited to integrated, cross-sectoral management and preservation of vital ocean ecosystem services and resilience may no longer be a luxury, but rather a necessity.
Global Oceans Governance: New and Emerging Issues
Increased interest in oceans is leading to new and renewed global governance efforts directed toward ocean issues in areas of food production, biodiversity conservation, industrialization, global environmental change, and pollution. Global oceans governance efforts face challenges and opportunities related to the nature of oceans and to actors involved in, the scale of, and knowledge informing their governance. We review these topics generally and in relation to nine new and emerging issues: small-scale fisheries (SSFs), aquaculture , biodiversity conservation on the high seas, large marine protected areas (LMPAs), tuna fisheries, deep-sea mining, ocean acidification (OA), blue carbon (BC), and plastics pollution.
High-Seas Fisheries: Troubled Waters, Tangled Governance, and Recovery Prospects
2009
Malgré un effort technologique et une expansion sans précédent des pêches mondiales, celles-ci passent pour être en état de crise : les prises totales (85-100 millions Mt par an) stagnent et sont probablement entrées dans une période de lent déclin. Cette tendance risque de déstabiliser les écosystèmes océaniques et de miner les réserves mondiales de poissons et de fruits de mer, qui constituent la principale source de protéines pour 2,3 milliards de personnes. La coopération internationale visant à résoudre ce problème s'opère lentement. Cela est particulièrement vrai dans le cas de la pêche en haute mer, pratiquée dans les eaux internationales, qui représentent quelque 61% des océans du monde. Elle est caractérisée par un cadre juridique fragmenté et faible, une mauvaise application des réglementations existantes et le problème de la pêche illégale, non déclarée et non réglementée. Sur une note plus positive, certains États ont mis en en place des mesures qui ont permis le rétablissement des ressources surexploitées. Le redressement de la situation en haute mer réclamera une forte collaboration gouvernementale pour faire respecter des niveaux (quotas) de prélèvement modérés et des mesures protégeant la diversité biologique, comme des zones protégées, des règlements sur les prises accessoires et la conservation des habitats cruciaux. Le présent article offre un bref survol des dimensions biologiques, institutionnelles et juridiques des pêches en haute mer. Il souligne que nous vivons un moment unique dans l'histoire, où une conscience, des progrès scientifiques sans précédent et un empressement croissant à collaborer au niveau international préparent le terrain à une transformation dynamique de la gouvernance en haute mer. Ce qui fait défaut, c'est un plan d'ensemble visionnaire d'intégration des efforts fragmentés vers le but commun du développement durable en haute mer.
The future of ocean governance
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
Ocean governance is complex and influenced by multiple drivers and actors with different worldviews and goals. While governance encompasses many elements, in this paper we focus on the processes that operate within and between states, civil society and local communities, and the market, including industry. Specifically, in this paper, we address the question of how to move towards more sustainable ocean governance aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the UN Ocean Decade. We address three major risks to oceans that arise from governance-related issues: (1) the impacts of the overexploitation of marine resources; (2) inequitable distribution of access to and benefits from marine ecosystem services, and (3) inadequate or inappropriate adaptation to changing ocean conditions. The SDGs have been used as an underlying framework to develop these risks. We identify five drivers that may determine how ocean governance evolves, namely formal rules and institutions, evidence and knowledge-based decision-making, legitimacy of decision-making institutions, stakeholder engagement and participation, and empowering communities. These drivers were used to define two alternative futures by 2030: (a) 'Business as Usual'-a continuation of current trajectories and (b) 'More Sustainable Future'-optimistic, transformational, but This paper is part of the Future Seas project (www. futureseas2030.org), and has been submitted to the Future Seas special issue in Reviews in Fish Biology & Fisheries to be published in 2021.
Securing a Sustainable Future for the Oceans beyond National Jurisdiction”(2008)
IJMCL
Th e legal regime for the high seas is fragmented both sectorally and geographically and is incomplete. Governance, regulatory, substantive and implementational gaps in the legal framework serve to limit the effectiveness of the high seas regime in securing a sustainable future for the conservation and use of the high seas environment and its resources. A global approach to further developing the high seas regime based on the concept of international public trusteeship for the oceans beyond national jurisdiction could foster environmentally responsible use of the high seas and its resources and ensure the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to human activities on the high seas. In view of escalating threats to the oceans from existing and emerging uses and from the impacts of climate change, transformation to a legal regime better suited to integrated, cross-sectoral management and preservation of vital ocean ecosystem services and resilience may no longer be a luxury, but rather a necessity.
2017
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Fishes
The present article discusses and analyses the role and contribution of International Maritime Dispute Settlement Bodies in sustainable fishery governance. From a maritime dispute settlement perspective, the discussion on preserving marine biodiversity, including fisheries and ecosystems, is unprecedented. However, dispute settlement impacts on marine biodiversity require serious attention from the viewpoint of effective implementation of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, International Environmental Law, and United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. ‘Applicable law’ as primary contention, which could be utilised to preserve marine biodiversity, is preferably employed for ‘ship release’ and ‘delimitation’ issues under dispute settlement mechanisms. Perhaps, the political and legal obstacles in interpreting the ‘law of the sea’ are one area of critique, and the optional dispute settlement mechanism is another. All these significant issues are discussed to develop a rational...