Women in the Polish Industry — Employment Numbers and Structure in the Years 1945-1956 (original) (raw)

GENDER AND LABOUR IN POST-WAR COMMUNIST POLAND: FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT 1945–1970

Acta Poloniae Historica, 2014

The article discusses the issue of female unemployment in Poland between 1945 and 1970 – the scale and reasons of the phenomenon and the attempts to eliminate it. The joblessness history is a pretext for showing the role of gender in the shaping of the labour market in the People's Republic of Poland. The general reason behind the diffi culties faced by women in fi nding a job was that gainful employment, or career, was in the case of females perceived as secondary, and less productive. Women were to perform certain roles in the family, and there was a prevalent conviction that a number of jobs were inappropriate or inadequate for women.

Women's Employment in Transition, 1992-4: the Case of Poland

Gender Work and Organization, 1998

Since the early 1990s the Polish economy has, in the move towards a market economy, undergone substantial economic reforms which resulted initially in a severe recession and notably in widespread unemployment. In a country where women have traditionally played a major role in the workforce it is pertinent to ask how their role has been affected during the early years of transition to a market economy, what factors explain this, and what their employment prospects are likely to be in a free market economy. After sketching the key features of women's employment in Poland pre-transition the article then addresses these questions using data drawn mainly from the Labour Force Surveys of 1992 and 1994. It finds that women's labour market position has been changing and in 1994 could be said to be mixed: while on the one hand it seems to be deteriorating (rising rates of inactivity and unemployment, the feminization of part-time work), on the other women seem to have been relatively protected from the worst effects of marketization and are in a better position than men according to some unemployment indicators. Prospects for women's employment under a free market economy also appear to be mixed, with much depending on whether the Polish government introduces a framework of national measures to support and encourage women who enter into paid employment.

Factors affecting men’s and women’s earnings in Poland

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja

The situation of women in the labour market is subject to European Union policy. This is due to prevention of discrimination and promotion of sustainable growth and development. There is a large body of literature describing national and regional labour markets; however, research on the situation in post-communist countries is not provided so often. The goal and contribution to the existing literature is to fill the gap concerning investigation for the Polish labour market. The aim of the research is to identify determinants influencing wages in Poland and to find out if wages obtained by men and women depend on the same factors. Analysis is provided applying statistical analysis and ordered logit models based on the individual data from the Polish Labour Force Survey. The main determinants of wages in Poland are: gender, age or job seniority, level of education, size of firm and occupation. However, the influence of these factors in the following periods and samples (containing all, female and male employees) may be different. Women earn less than men in all education classes and in all NACE branches (NACE-Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) branches and this disparity has increased over time. The most important factor of gender income inequality is female segregation into low-wage jobs.

Employment in Poland 2011. Poverty and Jobs

All opinions and conclusions included in this publication constitute the authors' views and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. This report was prepared as part of the project Analysis of the labour market processes and social integration in Poland in the context of economic policy carried out by the Human Resources Development Centre, co-financed by the European Social Fund and initiated by the Department of Economic Analyses and Forecasts at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy.

Structural unemployment in Poland

1999

Following the deep collapse of the Polish economy at the beginning of the ' 90s and the accompanying fast growth of open unemployment, development capabilities have been restored as of 1992, which has been reflected in the high rate of economic growth, and lately by an increase in employment and a decline in unemployment. Notwithstanding fast growth, continuing has been a relatively high rate of structural unemployment (about 13%), a significant and stable share of long-term unemployment, considerable diversification of unemployment rates in individual labor markets. This may impede the processes of stabilization and restructuring of the economy. Reduction of unemployment will require significant changes in labor market institutions and other supply-side determinants of this phenomenon.

Local Unemployment In Poland

2005

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The Material Situation of Polish Workers Between 1945 and 1956

Studia Historiae Oeconomicae, 2014

The article deals with the problem of the material situation of workers between 1945 and 1956. It was particularly difficult in the first months after the end of the war, when “cheap labour’ was the immanent feature of so-called “real socialism”. The problem became even more severe due to the policy of “underconsumption” proclaimed in 1946 by one of the directors of the Central Planning Office and introduced as the basis of financing the investment plan. Keeping a disproportionately high level of accumulation at the expense of consumption was a prominent feature of the system.