Metabolic syndrome in childhood (original) (raw)
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SiSli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni / The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Hospital
I t has been reported in adult studies that there is a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS) and that MS is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. [1-4] In a study from USA, MS was observed in 24% of adults (>20 years), and the rate was determined to be 50% in some ethnic groups. [5] In other research, the rate of heart attack and stroke was found to be 2 to 3 times higher in adults with MS than in those without MS. [6] It has been reported that MS starts early in life. [7-9] It has also Objectives: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Turkish children and to examine the relationship between MS components in this age group. Methods: A total of 395 students in Istanbul aged 10 to 14 years in the 2004-2005 school year were enrolled in the study. Body weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and systolic-diastolic blood pressure were measured. Of the total, 353 provided blood samples for analysis of fasting glucose level, basal insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. Modified World Health Organization criteria were used for the diagnosis of MS. Results: In this study, 44.5% of the children were female and 55.5% were male. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.57±3.48 kg/m², 10.4% (n=41) were overweight, and 12.7% (n=50) were obese. MS was diagnosed in 0.85% of the entire study group and in 6% of the obese children. There was a positive correlation between BMI and waist circumference (p<0.001), waist/hip ratio (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001), basal insulin level (p<0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (p<0.001), triglyceride value (p<0.001), total cholesterol level (p<0.05), LDL (p<0.001), and VLDL level (p<0.001), and a negative correlation with HDL level (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study results confirmed that MS is present in children and not limited to adults, and this is an important health problem. The prevalence of MS is more common in obese children. Therefore, early diagnosis of obese children and examination of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome criteria is very important.
journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 2011
Objective: To compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in Turkish obese children and adolescents by using three different definitions and to assess the risk factors through a retrospective evaluation of anthropometric and laboratory parameters. Methods: Sixty hundred and fourteen obese patients (307 male, 307 female; mean age: 11.3±2.5 years) were included in the study. Medical history, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, results of biochemical and hormonal assays were obtained from the hospital records. MS was diagnosed according to the modified World Health Organization (WHO), Cook and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) consensus criteria. Results: The prevalence of MS was found to be 39%, 34% and 33% according to the modified WHO, Cook and the IDF consensus criteria, respectively. MS prevalence in patients aged 12-18 years was significantly higher than that in patients between 7 and 11 years of age (p<0.05). Pubertal patients had a significantly higher MS prevalence than the non-pubertal cases (p<0.05). MS prevalence was also significantly higher in children who had a family history of heart disease, diabetes, obesity and hypertension as well as in those who had not been breast-fed (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of the modified WHO criteria was found to result in a slightly higher prevalence rate for MS as compared to the other criteria. The prevalence of MS in our study population was higher than that reported in most previous studies in Turkey. A positive family history, puberty and not being breastfed in infancy were shown to be significant risk factors for MS in childhood. K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : Childhood metabolic syndrome, prevalence, risk factors, breastfed, puberty C Co on nf fl li ic ct t o of f i in nt te er re es st t: : None declared R Re ec ce ei iv ve ed d: : 30.12.2010
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
International Journal of Obesity, 2004
OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. METHOD: Literature review. RESULTS: It is well demonstrated that cardiovascular risk factors are frequent in childhood obesity and they tend to cluster. However, the frequency of the metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence has been investigated only by few studies. In spite of the diverse criteria used for defining the metabolic syndrome, it is evident that the syndrome is already highly prevalent among obese children and adolescents. Population-based data suggest that the epidemic of pediatric obesity is being followed by an increase of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in the United States and in minorities. For the European countries, there are no population-based incidence and prevalence data concerning type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. From the available data, the magnitude of the problem in the European Caucasian population seems to be much less than in North America. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to establish internationally acceptable criteria for the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents and to commence screening for this syndrome. Although type 2 diabetes mellitus is still rare among European children, screening is recommended for type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance in children and especially in adolescents with substantial risk for the development of this disease.
Skeptical Look at the Clinical Implication of Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Obesity
Children
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a cluster of several cardio-metabolic risk factors, specifically visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, which together increase risks of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This article is a narrative review of the literature and a summary of the main observations, conclusions, and perspectives raised in the literature and the study projects of the Working Group of Childhood Obesity (WGChO) of the Italian Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED) on MetS in childhood obesity. Although there is an agreement on the distinctive features of MetS, no international diagnostic criteria in a pediatric population exist. Moreover, to date, the prevalence of MetS in childhood is not certain and thus the true value of diagnosis of MetS in youth as well as its clinical implications, is unclear. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the pathog...
Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Children
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2015
Introduction: Obesity and overweight that occurs in childhood tend to persist into adulthood. Chronic Obesity and overweight leads to another condition called metabolic syndrome that strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study had been conducted from April until June 2015 on several students of Junior High School in Nusantara's, Athirah's and Frater's in Makassar. The study samples that met the criteria were 80 children of 13-15 years old students. These samples were divided into two groups: 40 children were overweight and the 40 children were obese. Results: The frequency of metabolic syndrome were higher in the group of obese than the group of overweight children (p = 0.000, OR 7.000 with a 95% CI (2.276 to 21.529). Conclusion: This study indicated that obesity status had a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than overweight status. Nutritional status was correlated to childhood metabolic syndrome.
Risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents
Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, 2015
Introduction. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents is a great concern of the modern society. Objective. Our aim was to determine the influence of previously investigated, but also and potentially novel risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Methods. Observational case-control clinical study was conducted involving children and adolescents with obesity/metabolic syndrome, treated on inpatient basis from January 2008 to January 2012 at the Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. The group of ?cases? (n=28) included patients aged 10-16 years with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, while the control group included twice as many obese patients (n=56) matched to the compared group. Results. Presence of maternal gestational diabetes (ORadjusted: 39.426; 95% CI: 1.822-853.271; p=0.019), and/or lack of breastfeedi...
Metabolic syndrome in young children: definitions and results of the IDEFICS study
International journal of obesity (2005), 2014
To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) using reference standards obtained in European children and to develop a quantitative MetS score and describe its distribution in children. Population-based survey in eight European countries, including 18745 children 2.0 to 10.9 years, recruited during a second survey. Anthropometry (weight, height and waist circumference), blood pressure and serum-fasting triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose and insulin were measured. We applied three widely accepted definitions of the pediatric MetS and we suggest a new definition, to guide pediatricians in decisions about close monitoring or even intervention (values of at least three of the MetS components exceeding the 90th or 95th percentile, respectively). We used a z-score standardisation to calculate a continuous score combining the MetS components. Among the various definitions of MetS, the highest prevalence (5.5%) was obtained with our new definition requiring close observat...