In situ ruminal degradability and fermentation characteristics of novel mixtures of winter cereal and Italian ryegrass plus winter cereal silages (original) (raw)
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Wheat cropping is a characteristic point of double cropping system following rice cropping in Japan. Feed evaluation of forage wheat is important for dairy production based on the domestic feed resources. The objective of the present study was to determine the preservation and nutritive characteristics of whole crop wheat silage (WCWS) and wheat straw silage (WSS) cultivated in a drained paddy field of local farms. Whole crop wheat harvested at the dough to yellow ripe stages and wheat straw were ensiled in round-bales and stored for 2 to 12 months. Twenty five round-bales of WCWS and 10 round-bales of WSS were investigated in this study. Both WCWS and WSS were made at farmers fields in 4 different sites. The WCWS was well preserved and averaged of pH 4.46, and concentrations of lactate, acetate and butyrate were 19.2, 10.4 and 4.7 g kg-1 on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. The mean pH of WSS was 5.46 and it contained lower acids (1.9, 2.2 and 1.0 g kg-1 DM of lactate, acetate and butyrate, respectively), indicating suppressed fermentation due to high DM content. The WCWS had crude protein of 78 g kg-1 DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 546 g kg-1 DM, and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) of 306 g kg-1 DM on average. There was a higher variation in the CP and NFC contents but relatively less variation in the NDF content among the WCWS samples (variance coefficient 22.0, 12.8 and 6.1%, respectively), which as attributed to the difference in the maturity of grain. The WSS had NDF content of 775 g kg-1 DM, mostly cellulose (415 g kg-1 DM). The in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) of WCWS and WSS were 56.1 and 29.3%, respectively. The IVOMD of WCWS was not significantly correlated with pH and lactate and acetate content, but slightly correlated with butyrate content and NH 3-N ratio. The higher coefficient of variation for in vitro gas production at the initial stages of ruminal incubation of WCWS was associated with the observation of higher coefficient of variation for NFC content as compared to those of fiber fractions such as NDF and ADF. In conclusion, winter cropping of wheat plant at the post-rice cropping can supply fermentable energy in rumen as whole crop silage, and wheat straw also can be useful as fibrous material by ensiling.
Austral journal of veterinary sciences, 2020
The objective of this study was to evaluate ruminal fermentation (i.e. pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid concentrations) and in situ degradability of diets in sheep fed sugarcane silage (SCS) supplemented with Tithonia diversifolia (Td) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay (A), with or without rice (Oriza sativa) polishing (RP) as an energy source. Four Blackbelly sheep (35 kg average body weight) with rumen cannula were used. The experimental diets were (g/kg of dry matter): Diet 1) SCS (686) + Td (294), Diet 2) SCS (460) + Td (226) + RP (294), Diet 3) SCS (637) + A (343), and Diet 4) SCS (441) + A (245) + RP (294). The remainder (20 g/kg of dry matter) was composed by minerals supplement and salt. Samples of diets were incubated into rumen for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, and 72 h to determine in situ degradability. Data were analysed with a linear mixed model. The lamb, period and lamb nested in period*diet were considered as a random variable. The inclusion of RP improved the degradability of diets and ammonia production in the rumen. The acetic, propionic, and butyric acid concentrations (mmol/100 mL) in rumen increased (P<0.03) when diets with alfalfa and RP were provided. The degradability of diets based on sugarcane silage supplemented with either alfalfa or Tithonia diversifolia was improved (P<0.05) with the rice polishing inclusion, with no difference (P>0.05) between these forages. In conclusion, energy supplementation, not necessarily from starch, is important to improve rumen fermentation and degradability of diets based on sugarcane silage.
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2004
To assess the effect of grassland management on the ruminal digestion of silages, four lactating dairy cows, fitted with a rumen cannula, were fed diets consisting of concentrates and different grass silages. The grass silages consisted of intensively managed grass (IM) in variable proportions replaced by silages harvested from a ' species-poor ' grassland managed to stimulate nesting of birds (SPP) or from a grassland managed to increase plant species diversity (SPR). The roughage part of the diets was composed completely of IM (100IM), or 200 g/kg (in dry matter) of IM replaced by SPP (20SPP) or 600 g/kg of IM replaced by SPP (60SPP), or SPR (60SPR). The pH in the rumen was highest on 60SPR and lowest on 100IM and 20SPP (P<0. 05), whereas volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were lowest on 60SPP and 60SPR and highest on 100IM (P<0. 05). No differences in the ratio non-glucogenic :glucogenic volatile fatty acids were observed among the diets. The NH 3 concentration was highest on 100IM and 20SPP and lowest on 60SPR (P<0. 05), reflecting differences in CP intake. The concentration of uric acid in the urine (mg per kg metabolic body weight) was highest on 100IM (P<0. 05). Rumen pool size of OM and DM did not differ among treatments, but pool size of NDF and IADF were highest on 60SPR (P<0. 05). Passage rate was high on 100IM and 60SPR, but no significant differences with the other treatments were established. Also, no significant differences were observed in rates of degradation. Clearance rate of large particles was highest on 60SPP and differed significantly from 60SPR (P<0. 05) only. No differences were observed in clearance rate of small particles. In conclusion, for most rumen fermentation characteristics measured in the study, no noticeably aberrant behaviour of the silages from semi-natural grassland was observed.
Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2016
The objective of this study was to assess in situ dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation kinetics for two new pre-matured brown midrib varieties (pmBMR1 and pmBMR2) that can be double-cropped by harvesting at tassel, compared with a sole crop mature BMR (mBMR) and conventional corn silage (CCS) harvested at maturity in dry and lactating dairy cows. Potentially degradable DM fraction for the BMR hybrids were greater (P<0.01) than the CCS in both dry and lactating cows and was greatest for the mBMR in dry cows, while in lactating cows potentially degradable DM was greatest for the pmBMR1. Potentially degradable NDF fraction was greater (P<0.01) for BMR hybrids compared with CCS with the exception of the pmBMR2, which had the lowest potentially degradable NDF fraction in dry cows. Estimates of ruminal degradability of NDF were greater (P<0.01) for the pmBMR varieties compared to mature silages, and were greatest (P<0.01) for the pmBMR1 in both dry and...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2018
Silages produced with grass and legume mixtures may have positive associative effects on silage quality, and animal performance when ruminants are fed the silages. The objective of this study was to determine the preservation characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation profile and microbial abundance of silages, produced with mixtures of sweet sorghum (SS) and alfalfa (AF) in different ratios: 100: 0 (Control), 75: 25 (SA25), 50: 50 (SA50), 25: 75 (SA75) and 0: 100 (SA100) on a fresh weight basis. As the proportion of AF increased in the silages, pH, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and crude protein (CP) concentrations, and aerobic stability increased (P < 0.05), while lactic acid and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations decreased (P < 0.05). Increasing the proportion of AF in the silages, increased (P < 0.05) the in vitro degradability of dry matter and CP as well as proportions of genus Prevotella, but decreased (P < 0.05) the in v...
Grass and Forage Science, 2003
The aim was to compare the effects of additives on direct cut silages of pure timothy and timothy mixed with tetraploid red clover. First and second growth cuts were ensiled during three consecutive years, 1994, 1995 and 1996, either without any additive or with the addition of formic acid, or lactic acid bacteria in combination with molasses. Effects of the additives on the degradation characteristics of the herbage and the silages were analysed using an automatic in vitro gas production (GP) technique. At the end of the in vitro procedures, organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) degradabilities were determined.
Czech Journal of Animal Science
The effect of carbohydrates included in grass silage-based diets on in sacco degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose (CE) of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Lomerit) grain ground to different particle sizes was studied using 3 ruminally cannulated cows. The measurements were carried out as a 3 × 2 Latin square design with treatments being carbohydrates in the concentrate portion of diets (starch in diet I vs. pectin in diet II vs. sucrose in diet III) and particle size of ground barley grain (1.0 vs. 5.7 mm). The diet synchronization index between N and energy supply during the day was an average of 0.8. The rumen degradability of barley grain compounds was influenced by the type of carbohydrates included in grass silage-based diets. Higher rumen degradation rates ( P < 0.05) of barley CP, NDF and CE after 8 h of incubation and of CP and CE after 16 h of incubation were found in the rumen of cows receiving the diet contain...
J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ, 2008
Corn stover was taken after harvesting ears immediately, chopped and ensiled in plastic buckets for eight weeks untreated or treated with enzyme or bacteria inoculation. The rate of ruminal degradation of corn stover silage was determined by using three Friesian cows fitted with cannulate. The obtained results showed that the pH value and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were lower, while the concentrations of total organic acids and lactic acid were higher for enzymes or bacteria treated compared with untreated corn stover silage. The contents of OM, CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were higher and ash content was lower for untreated compared with enzymes or bacteria treated corn stover silages. While, the DM, CP, EE, NFE and ADL were nearly similar. Enzymes treated corn stover silage recorded significantly (P<0.05) the highest in situ ruminal disappearance, potential degradable fraction and the effective of degradability and the lowest undegradable fraction of DM, CP, CF and fiber fractions followed by bacteria treated silage, while untreated silage showed opposite trend. The rapid degradable fraction and degradation rate of DM, CP, CF and fiber fractions for enzyme and bacteria treated silage were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of control silage. It could be concluded that enzymes and bacteria treated corn stover silage improved chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and in situ ruminal degradation.
Grassland Science, 2006
Phenylalanine fermentation byproduct (PFB) is generated by purifying phenylalanine products from microbial fermentation in the food industry. We examined the function of PFB as an ensiling agent to improve the silage fermentation and nutritive value of forage crops. We investigated the fermentation quality and rumen degradability of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage in situ. We ensiled this type of silage in a laboratory scale using five compositional ratios (v/v) of PFB (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) and a mixture of sugarcane molasses (SCM). Controls included the same volumes of water as the mixture of sugarcane molasses. The following strains Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (IFO12007), Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides (IFO12060), Lactobaccillus plantarum (IF014713), Pedioccocus acidilactici (IFO3858), Clostridium butyricum (IFO3858) and silage yeast (strain MY; separated from whole crop rice silage in this laboratory) were cultivated at 30°C in the recommended media containing a substituted carbon source depending on the compositional ratios of PFB and SCM mixtures. The growth of these strains was determined by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600). The growth of the lactic acid bacteria significantly (P < 0.001) increased in the presence of all PFB additives as compared with the control. The growth of C. butyricum was significantly increased, whereas that of silage yeast was decreased under all conditions. The concentrations of lactate and total organic acids were significantly higher (P < 0.001) whereas those of acetate were lower in all PFB silages. These results indicated that PFB improved the silage fermentation of forage crops. With leaf and stem fractions, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased by the PFB additive and the rumen degradability of DM and NDF in situ was also significantly increased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively).
This experiment compared the rumen degradability characteristics of five starch-based concentrate supplements used by Western Australia (WA) dairy producers. Six rumen-fistulated, non-lactating, Holstein-Friesian cows were used to measure the in sacco rumen degradability of maize grain, oats, wheat, sodium hydroxide-treated wheat (NaOH wheat) and Maximize ® (a commercial pellet commonly used by WA dairy producers). Cows were offered a basal diet of custom-made cubes (60 : 40 lucerne hay : wheat grain) at maintenance feeding level. Rumen disappearance of dry matter (DM), starch and crude protein was determined for each concentrate at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, and fitted to an exponential model to estimate degradation kinetics. Effective degradability coefficients were then calculated at three rumen solid-outflow rates (0.02, 0.05 and 0.08/h). Degradability of DM at 0.08/h was lowest (P < 0.001) in maize grain (0.64) and oats (0.68) and greatest in wheat (0.83), with that in NaOH wheat (0.80) and Maximize (0.76) being intermediate. Starch degradability at 0.08/h was also lowest (P < 0.001) in maize grain (0.70), intermediate for NaOH wheat (0.83) and Maximize (0.87), and greatest for wheat (0.96) and oats (0.98). Degradability of crude protein was lowest (P = 0.001) in Maximize (0.66) and NaOH wheat (0.69), greatest in oats (0.85), with that in maize grain (0.72) and wheat (0.79) being intermediate. For producers where availability of maize grain for dairy cow rations is limited, such as in WA, these results indicated that NaOH wheat and Maximize may be considered as alternative starch sources to increase post-ruminal digestion of starch, although the magnitude of this increase will still not be as great as for maize grain.