Effect of Smoking Conditions and Methods of Collection on the Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke (original) (raw)
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Toxicology, 2004
Eight blended US market cigarettes, two blended reference cigarettes, one Bright tobacco only reference cigarette and an electrically heated prototype cigarette (EHC) were smoked under US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)/International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) conditions and under Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) conditions. Smoke was analysed for chemical composition and in vitro toxicity. Yields (quantity/cigarette) of smoke constituents were higher under MDPH conditions compared to FTC/ISO conditions (market and reference average ∼2.5 times; EHC ∼1.6 times). Consistent with the higher yields, in vitro toxicity per cigarette was also higher under MDPH conditions. Concentrations (quantity/mg TPM) of nearly all smoke constituents measured decreased with increasing total particulate matter (TPM) yields as regression analyses indicated. Higher TPM yields also tended to be associated with slightly less cytotoxic and mutagenic activity per milligram TPM. Blended reference cigarettes tracked market cigarettes with similar TPM yield. The Bright cigarette displayed high cytotoxicity but low mutagenicity, while in vitro activity of the EHC was remarkably low. The TPM-dependent decreases for the market range of 5-20 mg TPM/cigarette were about 20%, irrespective of whether the increased yields were due to smoking conditions or cigarette construction. At the same TPM yield, the smoke constituent concentrations and in vitro toxicity were similar for low-and high-yield cigarettes.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002
A testing program was designed to evaluate the potential effects of 333 ingredients added to typical commercial blended test cigarettes on selected biological and chemical endpoints . Ingredients were incorporated into the test cigarettes as they are normally used in the manufacturing process . The studies performed included a bacterial mutagenicity screen (Ames assay), a mammalian cell cytotoxicity assay (neutral red uptake), determination of smoke chemical constituents, and a 90-day nose-only smoke inhalation study in rats . Three pairs of test cigarettes were produced containing one of three different ingredient mixtures .
… Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009
Background-Cigarettes are being marketed with filters that differ in composition and design. The filters have different toxicant trapping efficiency and smoking stains reflect variations in smoking behavior. Presented herein are the results of a structured literature review that was performed to identify cigarette filter-based assays that may serve as proxies for mouth-level exposure and assessing smoking methods. Methods-A search of the published scientific literature and internal tobacco company documents from 1954 to 2009 was performed. Results-The literature search identified diverse schemes for assessing cigarette filters, including visual inspection and digital imaging of smoked-stained spent filters, and quantitative determinations for total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and solanesol. The results also showed that: (a) there is sufficient data to link filter-based chemical measures to standardized smoking machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine; (b) TPM eluted from filters or in chemical digest of filters can be used to estimate the efficiency of the filter for trapping smoke solids; (c) visual and digital inspection of spent filters are useful as indicators of variations in smoking behaviors; and (d) there is a correlation between solanesol and nicotine measured in filters and exposure biomarkers in smokers. Conclusions-The cigarette filter may prove useful in estimating smoking behaviors such as filter vent blocking and puffing intensity, and may have utility as proxy measures of mouth-level smoke exposure in clinical trials. Additional investigations are needed to compare the different proposed assay schemes and the assay results with measurements of human biomarker assays of smoke exposure.
Archives of Toxicology, 2018
Consumers of combustible cigarettes are exposed to many different toxicologically relevant substances associated with negative health effects. Newly developed "heat not burn" (HNB) devices are able to contain lower levels of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) in their emissions compared to tobacco cigarettes. However, to develop toxicological risk assessment strategies, further independent and standardized investigations addressing HPHC reduction need to be done. Therefore, we generated emissions of a commercially available HNB product following the Health Canada Intense smoking regimen and analyzed total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, water, aldehydes, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are major contributors to health risk. We show that nicotine yield is comparable to typical combustible cigarettes, and observe substantially reduced levels of aldehydes (approximately 80-95%) and VOCs (approximately 97-99%). Emissions of TPM and nicotine were found to be inconsistent during the smoking procedure. Our study confirms that levels of major carcinogens are markedly reduced in the emissions of the analyzed HNB product in relation to the conventional tobacco cigarettes and that monitoring these emissions using standardized machine smoking procedures generates reliable and reproducible data which provide a useful basis to assess exposure and human health risks.
Influence of filter ventilation on the chemical composition of cigarette mainstream smoke
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2010
Total yields of cigarette smoke constituents are greatly influenced by smoking behaviour, the tobacco blend as well as a variety of cigarette design parameters. Thereby, filter ventilation, i.e. diluting the smoke by providing a zone of microscopic holes around the circumference of the filter is one method to reduce the yield of 'tar' and other smoke compounds. However, little is known how these design variations influence the combustion conditions, and therefore, the overall chemical pattern of the smoke. In this paper single photon ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) is used to characterize and compare cigarettes on a puff-by-puff basis, which differ only in filter ventilation magnitude. The research cigarettes investigated were made from Virginia tobacco and featured filter ventilations of 0% (no ventilation), 35%, and 70%. The cigarettes were smoked under two different puffing regimes, one using the puffing parameters of the conventional International Organization for Standardization (ISO) smoking regime and a more intense smoking condition. Results show that every variation entails a change of the chemical pattern, whereby, in general, cigarettes with 0% filter ventilation as well as the intense smoking regime lead to a more complete combustion compared to the ISO smoking conditions and the high ventilated cigarettes. Changes in the overall patterns can also be observed during the smoking for individual puffs. Some substances dominate the first puff, some species are more pronounced in the middle puffs, whereas others are preferably formed in the last puffs. This demonstrates the high complexity of the occurring processes. Results might help to understand the formation and decomposition reactions taking place when a cigarette is smoked and offer scope for targeted reduction strategies for specific toxicants or groups of toxicants in the smoke.
Toxicology Reports, 2019
A new Kentucky reference cigarette, 1R6F, has been manufactured to replace the depleting 3R4F reference cigarette. The 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator cigarettes for mainstream smoke analysis and in vitro and in vivo toxicological data of cigarettes and novel tobacco products. Both reference cigarettes were analyzed in the same laboratory during the same period of time with the goal of performing a comparison of 3R4F and 1R6F. On the basis of the results obtained from aerosol chemistry and in vitro assays, we consider that the 1R6F reference cigarette is a suitable replacement for the 3R4F reference cigarette as a comparator/monitor cigarette. Its specific use as a comparator for novel tobacco products was checked on the basis of a comparative test with the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 as an example.
Uptake of tobacco smoke constituents on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS
Journal of Molecular Medicine-jmm, 1992
For the purpose of risk evaluation, passive smoking is frequently regarded as low-dose cigarette smoking. However, since the physical, chemical and biological properties of mainstream smoke (MS), which is inhaled by the smoker and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which is breathed by the passive smoker are quite different, risk extrapolation from active smoking to passive smoking is of doubtful value. In a series of experimental exposure studies we compared the uptake of tobacco smoke constituents by active and passive smoking. The results show that biomarkers which were found to be elevated after experimental ETS exposure, such as nicotine and cotinine in plasma and urine as well as thioethers in urine, indicate gas-phase exposure in passive smokers, but particle-phase exposure in active smokers. Biomarkers which should indicate the uptake of particle-bound, genotoxic substances with ETS, such as urinary mutagenicity, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and DNA adducts, were not found to be elevated even after extremely high ETS exposure. From these results we conclude that a risk evaluation for passive smoking on the basis of dosimetric data is currently not possible.
2013
Abstract: Background: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been marketed as an alternative-to-smoking habit. Besides chemical studies of the content of EC liquids or vapour, little research has been conducted on their in vitro effects. Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cigarette smoke (CS) has well-established cytotoxic effects on myocardial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the vapour of 20 EC liquid samples and a “base ” liquid sample (50 % glycerol and 50% propylene glycol, with no nicotine or flavourings) on cultured myocardial cells. Included were 4 samples produced by using cured tobacco leaves in order to extract the tobacco flavour. Methods: Cytotoxicity was tested according to the ISO 10993-5 standard. By activating an EC device at 3.7 volts (6.2 watts—all samples, including the “base” liquid) and at 4.5 volts (9.2 watts—four randomly selected samples), 200 mg of liquid evaporated and was extracted in 20...
Modified procedure of a direct in vitro exposure system for mammalian cells to whole cigarette smoke
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 2004
In vitro biological studies on cigarette smoke have usually been made using either cigarette smoke condensateobtained by trapping the particulate phase of smoke on a filter, or soluble smoke components -obtained by trapping cigarette smoke in buffer solution. However, these approaches may not truly reflect the physical and chemical condition of freshly generated smoke. Clearly it is important to be able to evaluate the biological effects of fresh smoke on mammalian cells for a better understanding of the potential effects of smoking. The CULTEX TM technology is a new experimental system for cultivation and exposure techniques enhanced the efficiency of in vitro studies, and allows direct exposure of cells intermittently at the air/liquid interface with ultrafine particles, gases, or mixtures of both which fixedly flows. The CULTEX TM technology has therefore been modified to evaluate the biological effects of whole cigarette smoke in an in vitro system.
Detection of exposure to mutagenic compounds in low-tar and medium-tar cigarette smokers
Environmental Research, 1984
A volunteer study was carried out on groups smoking low-tar (5.4 mg/cig.) and mediumtar (16.3 mg/cig.) cigarettes and on non-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked was recorded daily throughout a 51-day study period, and the effects of smoking were measured in the beginning and after 3-week terms of smoking medium-tar or low-tar cigarettes. The parameters measured were blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration, thioethers excreted into the urine, mutagenic activity in the urine, and the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in blood lymphoyctes. For all four parameters, the differences between the smokers and the non-smokers were significant. However, within the study design no differences could be detected between low-tar or medium-tar cigarette smoking in the biological-monitoring tests used.