Does the energy content of a body depend upon its inertia? (original) (raw)
This article shows the mass, time and energy in the new perspective offered by the granular mechanics. It also explains relativity at quantum scale, using the same basic principles.
The Principle of Proportionality of Mass and Energy: New Version
Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol. 1, No. 13, pp. 1-15, 2012
The essence of mass and its relation to the relativistic energy is considered. It is assumed that the rest energy is equal to the total binding energy of the body and can be found through the energies of fundamental fields associated with the substance of the body. Mass as a measure of inertia is calculated by relativistic energy and relativistic momentum. The conclusion is made that after radiation of energy from a system the mass of the system must not decrease, but increase. The opposite case is heating of bodies by external sources, which must be accompanied by an increase in entropy and decrease in the mass of the bodies. On the basis of strong gravitation the mass defect of atomic nuclei is explained. Conclusions of the general theory of relativity and the covariant theory of gravitation with respect to the mass and energy of gravitational field are opposite – in the general theory of relativity, relativistic energy and mass of a body are reduced by the mass-energy of its own gravitational field, and in the covariant theory of gravitation the mass-energy of the gravitational field increases the relativistic energy and body mass.
In a previous paper we have shown it is possible to build alternative versions of Special Theory of Relativity only considering homogeneity of space, of time and Relative Principle without invoking the postulate of invariance of light velocity in all the inertial frames. Within these alternatives, space and time transformations different than the Lorentz ones like, in particular, the Selleri inertial transformations, are possible. This has many important consequences as, for example, the need for the distinction between physical time as duration of change in space and mathematical time as a parameter quantifying this change as well as the anisotropy of one-way velocity of light. These results require a reformulation and a new understanding of relativistic energy and mass. In this paper we'll firstly show that, using only classical laws of Newtonian mechanics, classical electrodynamics and fundamental physical principles of homogeneity of space and time without referring to Theory of Relativity at all, it is possible to derive the correct form of fundamental equation 2 0 E mc = , the relativistic energy and momentum of a free particle in a preferred inertial frame. This makes relativistic energy and mass to assume a realistic physical meaning and an unambiguous definition only when referred to this preferred inertial frame identified by inertial transformations. This special universal meaning of energy, not recognized by standard Theory of Relativity, in which relativistic energy can assume different and independent values in all the possible infinite inertial frames, appears to be related to the fundamental invariance properties of space itself on which inertial transformations are based. In order to explain the origin of relativistic energy and mass, a novel physical model, also coherent with experimental results, has been then proposed. According to our model, mass could be considered as a conventional view of more fundamental properties of space emerging from a quantum vacuum, ruled by the Planck metric, in which the most fundamental physical entity is represented by energy density. In this picture relativistic mass and energy are coherently expressed as a measure of the diminished energy density of quantum vacuum.
Mass and Energy of the Body in Motion MSR (Motion Shapes Reality)
If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The classical Newtonian dynamics uses the notion of mass which expresses the quantity of substance which is unique and independent of the body's speed [Newton, 1999]. Thus, for Newton, inertial mass m i which resists the change of motion is constant and equal to the quantity of substance m 0. This results from the premise that the inertial mass and the energy of the body are independent quantities and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has no energy. However, the studies of Lorentz [1904], Poincaré [1900] and others have shown that there is dependence between the total mass and total energy of the body, i.e. that the total mass has the energy equivalent and that the total energy has the mass equivalent, and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has energy. It is the " hidden " energy, the rest energy E 0 , equivalent to the body mass (the quantity of the substance), which would be released if the total body mass m 0 was turned into the electromagnetic radiation in the direction of the body's motion, into the photons with the speed c 0. When a body moves at the velocity of v, it also gains the kinetic energy E k , so the total energy of the body in motion E is the sum of the rest energy E 0 and kinetic energy E k. In accordance with the above mentioned, inertial mass, force, acceleration, momentum and energy are in the function of the body mass m 0 , the relative velocity of the body v and the speed of the emitted photons c 0. Since the photon reaching the reference body from another body which is in relative motion in relation to the reference body has different frequency from the emitted frequency (the Doppler shift) and different energy, and since the mass of the emitted photon (as the quantity of the substance) is unchangeable, and due to the fact that the photon's energy is in the function of its frequency and its speed, it means that the received photon has the speed different from the emitted photon, and it is in the function of changing the frequency (the Doppler shift), i.e. in the function of the relative velocity of the two bodies (emitter and receiver) and the relationship between their masses. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The classical Newtonian dynamics uses the notion of mass which expresses the quantity of substance which is unique and independent of the body's speed [Newton, 1999]. Thus, for Newton, inertial mass m i which resists the change of motion is constant and equal to the quantity of substance m 0. This results from the premise that the inertial mass and the energy of the body are independent quantities and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has no energy. However, the studies of Lorentz [1904], Poincaré [1900] and others have shown that there is dependence between the total mass and total energy of the body, i.e. that the total mass has the energy equivalent and that the total energy has the mass equivalent, and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has energy. It is the " hidden " energy, the rest energy E 0 , equivalent to the body mass (the quantity of the substance), which would be released if the total body mass m 0 was turned into the electromagnetic radiation in the direction of the body's motion, into the photons with the speed c 0. When a body moves at the velocity of v, it also gains the kinetic energy E k , so the total energy of the body in motion E is the sum of the rest energy E 0 and kinetic energy E k. In accordance with the above mentioned, inertial mass, force, acceleration, momentum and energy are in the function of the body mass m 0 , the relative velocity of the body v and the speed of the emitted photons c 0. Since the photon reaching the reference body from another body which is in relative motion in relation to the reference body has different frequency from the emitted frequency (the Doppler shift) and different energy, and since the mass of the emitted photon (as the quantity of the substance) is unchangeable, and due to the fact that the photon's energy is in the function of its frequency and its speed, it means that the received photon has the speed different from the emitted photon, and it is in the function of changing the frequency (the Doppler shift), i.e. in the function of the relative velocity of the two bodies (emitter and receiver) and the relationship between their masses. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Applied Physics B manuscript Inertial and gravitational mass in quantum mechanics
2016
We show that in complete agreement with classical mechanics, the dynamics of any quantum mechanical wave packet in a linear gravitational potential involves the gravitational and the inertial mass only as their ratio. In contrast, the spatial modulation of the corresponding energy wave function is determined by the third root of the product of the two masses. Moreover, the discrete energy spectrum of a particle constrained in its motion by a linear gravitational potential and an infinitely steep wall depends on the inertial as well as the gravitational mass with different fractional powers. This feature might open a new avenue in quantum tests of the universality of free fall.
A New Derivation of Eo = mc^2 Explains a Particle's Inertia
The relationship Eo =mc^2 for a resting elementary particle composed of a locally circulating photon of energy Eo and momentum of magnitude p=Eo/c is derived from the rate of change of the circulating momentum p and from the acceleration of the circulating photon, using Newton’s second law F= dp/dt =ma applied to the circulating photon. This derivation gives the inertial mass m of the resting elementary particle as m=Eo/c^2 . Therefore Eo equals mc^2 for a resting particle composed of a locally circulating photon of energy Eo. The electron’s relativistic energy-momentum equation is derived from the vector momentum relations in a moving particle model.
2018
The mass-energy relationship, E=mc^2 which was proposed by Einstein in 1905 under his Special Relativity Theory has removed the barrier between matter and energy. However, it was traditionally set to have had incorrect interpretation in many books. Such interpretation includes 1) mass is variant 2) mass is completely equivalent to energy 3) mass can be converted in to energy and 4) mass(inertia) is conserved because mass equals energy divided by c^2, and energy is always conserved. More recently, the new view has followed to indicate conceptual interpretation that contradicts the above one. Though this new conceptual interpretation has widely been accepted as correct representation of E=mc^2, it is remaining puzzle to large number of the students amid the old view is still drastically persisting through books. The very limited internet access is another challenge that exacerbates this situation. Accordingly, this article provides mass-energy related interpretation in the domain of m...
American Journal of Physics, 2009
This paper explores the evolution of Einstein's understanding of mass and energy. Early on, Einstein embraced the idea of a speed-dependent mass but changed his mind in 1906 and thereafter carefully avoided that notion entirely. He shunned, and explicitly rejected, what later came to be known as "relativistic mass." Nonetheless many textbooks and articles credit him with the relation E = mc 2 , where E is the total energy, m is the relativistic mass, and c is the vacuum speed of light. Einstein never derived this relation, at least not with that understanding of the meaning of its terms. He consistently related the "rest energy" of a system to its invariant inertial mass.
The atomic structure is presented on the basis of the theory of vortex gravitation. The feasibility and calculation of the values of the density and mass of electromagnetic particles are proposed. A calculation is made, which proves that the photon must have mass. In the calculations, some physical characteristics of electromagnetic particles that are accepted by modern physics are refuted.