Does the energy content of a body depend upon its inertia? (original) (raw)
Related papers
For first time ever I announce new thesis that decript a deep construction of photon, electron , proton and nutron . In this hypothesis I found photon is not massless anymore and I putted the model that lead me to comply with footprint that used as description of electromagnetic waves and thus I able to write the formulas that can calculate the mass , diameter and number of photon in each quanta . Here I attached a link for videos that will easy understand the new proposal https://youtu.be/-V8Zd3AOEFA https://youtu.be/TAgLVEQ5Wa0
This article shows the mass, time and energy in the new perspective offered by the granular mechanics. It also explains relativity at quantum scale, using the same basic principles.
The Principle of Proportionality of Mass and Energy: New Version
Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol. 1, No. 13, pp. 1-15, 2012
The essence of mass and its relation to the relativistic energy is considered. It is assumed that the rest energy is equal to the total binding energy of the body and can be found through the energies of fundamental fields associated with the substance of the body. Mass as a measure of inertia is calculated by relativistic energy and relativistic momentum. The conclusion is made that after radiation of energy from a system the mass of the system must not decrease, but increase. The opposite case is heating of bodies by external sources, which must be accompanied by an increase in entropy and decrease in the mass of the bodies. On the basis of strong gravitation the mass defect of atomic nuclei is explained. Conclusions of the general theory of relativity and the covariant theory of gravitation with respect to the mass and energy of gravitational field are opposite – in the general theory of relativity, relativistic energy and mass of a body are reduced by the mass-energy of its own gravitational field, and in the covariant theory of gravitation the mass-energy of the gravitational field increases the relativistic energy and body mass.
In a previous paper we have shown it is possible to build alternative versions of Special Theory of Relativity only considering homogeneity of space, of time and Relative Principle without invoking the postulate of invariance of light velocity in all the inertial frames. Within these alternatives, space and time transformations different than the Lorentz ones like, in particular, the Selleri inertial transformations, are possible. This has many important consequences as, for example, the need for the distinction between physical time as duration of change in space and mathematical time as a parameter quantifying this change as well as the anisotropy of one-way velocity of light. These results require a reformulation and a new understanding of relativistic energy and mass. In this paper we'll firstly show that, using only classical laws of Newtonian mechanics, classical electrodynamics and fundamental physical principles of homogeneity of space and time without referring to Theory of Relativity at all, it is possible to derive the correct form of fundamental equation 2 0 E mc = , the relativistic energy and momentum of a free particle in a preferred inertial frame. This makes relativistic energy and mass to assume a realistic physical meaning and an unambiguous definition only when referred to this preferred inertial frame identified by inertial transformations. This special universal meaning of energy, not recognized by standard Theory of Relativity, in which relativistic energy can assume different and independent values in all the possible infinite inertial frames, appears to be related to the fundamental invariance properties of space itself on which inertial transformations are based. In order to explain the origin of relativistic energy and mass, a novel physical model, also coherent with experimental results, has been then proposed. According to our model, mass could be considered as a conventional view of more fundamental properties of space emerging from a quantum vacuum, ruled by the Planck metric, in which the most fundamental physical entity is represented by energy density. In this picture relativistic mass and energy are coherently expressed as a measure of the diminished energy density of quantum vacuum.
Mass and Energy of the Body in Motion MSR (Motion Shapes Reality)
If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The classical Newtonian dynamics uses the notion of mass which expresses the quantity of substance which is unique and independent of the body's speed [Newton, 1999]. Thus, for Newton, inertial mass m i which resists the change of motion is constant and equal to the quantity of substance m 0. This results from the premise that the inertial mass and the energy of the body are independent quantities and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has no energy. However, the studies of Lorentz [1904], Poincaré [1900] and others have shown that there is dependence between the total mass and total energy of the body, i.e. that the total mass has the energy equivalent and that the total energy has the mass equivalent, and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has energy. It is the " hidden " energy, the rest energy E 0 , equivalent to the body mass (the quantity of the substance), which would be released if the total body mass m 0 was turned into the electromagnetic radiation in the direction of the body's motion, into the photons with the speed c 0. When a body moves at the velocity of v, it also gains the kinetic energy E k , so the total energy of the body in motion E is the sum of the rest energy E 0 and kinetic energy E k. In accordance with the above mentioned, inertial mass, force, acceleration, momentum and energy are in the function of the body mass m 0 , the relative velocity of the body v and the speed of the emitted photons c 0. Since the photon reaching the reference body from another body which is in relative motion in relation to the reference body has different frequency from the emitted frequency (the Doppler shift) and different energy, and since the mass of the emitted photon (as the quantity of the substance) is unchangeable, and due to the fact that the photon's energy is in the function of its frequency and its speed, it means that the received photon has the speed different from the emitted photon, and it is in the function of changing the frequency (the Doppler shift), i.e. in the function of the relative velocity of the two bodies (emitter and receiver) and the relationship between their masses. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The classical Newtonian dynamics uses the notion of mass which expresses the quantity of substance which is unique and independent of the body's speed [Newton, 1999]. Thus, for Newton, inertial mass m i which resists the change of motion is constant and equal to the quantity of substance m 0. This results from the premise that the inertial mass and the energy of the body are independent quantities and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has no energy. However, the studies of Lorentz [1904], Poincaré [1900] and others have shown that there is dependence between the total mass and total energy of the body, i.e. that the total mass has the energy equivalent and that the total energy has the mass equivalent, and that the body which is relatively motionless (in relation to the reference body) has energy. It is the " hidden " energy, the rest energy E 0 , equivalent to the body mass (the quantity of the substance), which would be released if the total body mass m 0 was turned into the electromagnetic radiation in the direction of the body's motion, into the photons with the speed c 0. When a body moves at the velocity of v, it also gains the kinetic energy E k , so the total energy of the body in motion E is the sum of the rest energy E 0 and kinetic energy E k. In accordance with the above mentioned, inertial mass, force, acceleration, momentum and energy are in the function of the body mass m 0 , the relative velocity of the body v and the speed of the emitted photons c 0. Since the photon reaching the reference body from another body which is in relative motion in relation to the reference body has different frequency from the emitted frequency (the Doppler shift) and different energy, and since the mass of the emitted photon (as the quantity of the substance) is unchangeable, and due to the fact that the photon's energy is in the function of its frequency and its speed, it means that the received photon has the speed different from the emitted photon, and it is in the function of changing the frequency (the Doppler shift), i.e. in the function of the relative velocity of the two bodies (emitter and receiver) and the relationship between their masses. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT If the mass-energy equivalence is introduced into the Newtonian dynamics, the altered formulae for inertia (inertial mass), force and acceleration, momentum and energy are obtained. All the mentioned quantities are in the function of the relative velocity of two bodies and they are essentially classical Newton's formulae for low velocities (the velocities significantly lower than the speed of light), while for high velocities (the velocities comparable with the speed of light) they are significantly different from classical Newton's formulae. The results of this paper show that STR (Special Theory of Relativity) is not correct. In addition, this paper has studied the mass and energy of photons and it has been shown that they also depend on the speed of two bodies (the body emitting photons and the body receiving photons) and on the relationship of the masses of these two bodies. Thus, photons with the same frequencies can have different speed, wavelength and energy depending on the Doppler Effect (which is in the function of speed of two bodies and the relationship of their masses). Copyright©2016, Mihailo M. Jeremić. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This paper study the equivalence between mass and energy in special relativity, using mathematical methods to connect this work by de-Broglie equation, in this work found the relation between the momentum and energy, It has also been connect the mass and momentum and the speed of light in the energy equation, moreover it has been found that the relative served as an answer to a logical relationship de-Broglie through equivalence relationship between mass and energy.
Is mass a real physical quantity
Although mass is a very common and fundamental concept, but the problem of mass is still one of the key problems of modern Physics, up to the present the experts are not able to reach a consensus. In this paper, we have discussed the problems relating to mass, energy and matter, and been aware that mass is neither the amount of matter an object has, nor the measure of inertia and the source of gravitational field, whereas energy is the measure of the inertia of an object and also is the source of gravitational field. As before, Mass being used to measure the inertia and to calculate gravitational force is just an approximate method only for very slowly moving bodies and particles for which the rest energy is much larger than the kinetic energy. Actually the concept of mass is a superfluous artificial concept, just rest energy divided by a constant 2 c (If selecting , the mass is exactly equal to the rest energy), does not have any other meaning. If the concept of mass is completely superseded by energy(or more precisely, rest energy), the physical equations are completely perfect, their meanings are clearer, and the puzzles such as the relationship of mass and energy, nature of matter, the essence of the weak equivalence principle, the physical meaning of Higgs mechanism, etc., can be made clearer.
On the Quantities of Energy and Momentum in Contemporary Physics
2011
This paper discusses the meaning and role of the quantities of energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic, quantum and classical mechanics with focus on kinetic and total relativistic energy, on the definition of the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and using momentum and energy in Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation.
New Concept of Mass-Energy Equivalence
The correct meaning of E=mvv and E=mcc have been discussed. The discussion has shown that the second v and c are conversion factors and not v 2 and c 2 in these two equations respectively. These velocities (v and c) are used to convert the momentum units to energy units. The first v and c in both equations should be multiplied with the mass to form the momentum term. The essential issue is the momentum and not the mass where it is an absolute quantity and it will not give any indication while the momentum gives a clear vision about the moving mass. The speculative Lorentz factor has also discussed to be incorrect when used in special relativity to increase the mass of the materials through changing their velocities. The concept of conversion between mass and energy is discussed in chemical and nuclear reactions to show it is incorrect and the annihilation reactions of electron-positron are pseudo processes. A new non-relativistic mass-energy equivalence is used E=mbc as an alternative, where b is a derived universal constant and equal to 0.603797 x 10 8 m/s which gives E/m= 1.8101351214 x 10 16 J/kg or 1u= 187.607 MeV/bc. The ratio of mbc/mc 2 is equal to (187.607) / (931.49) = 0.2014 which gave 41.7 MeV/bc for the Total Kinetic Energy (TKE) of fission fragments of experimental value 29.4-37.8 MeV/bc rather than 200 MeV/c 2 given by E=mc 2. The magnetic constant of charged field μ b was calculated from Maxwell formula and found to be equal to 3.265 x 10-6 N/A 2 and it was larger than magnetic constant of electromagnetic field μ o by 24.65.