Effects of Insecticidal Essential Oil Fumigations on Physiological Changes (original) (raw)
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The role of dilution mediums in studies of fumigant insecticidal activity of essential oils
Journal of Pest Science
The essential oils (EOs) are volatile plant extracts that are commonly considered as potential biopesticides. They present promising properties as relatively safe and potent insecticides, primarily delivered via fumigation. Such specificity of the EOs has led to the growing interest of researchers and, subsequently, to an increasing body of publications. The studies focusing on assessing the insecticidal action of EOs frequently require testing the effects of several dilutions of a given EO. To this end, researchers employ a range of solvents differing widely between the studies. While informative, the standardization concerning either tested oil or pest species is lacking in these studies. The presented study herein aimed to test whether the solvent used could affect the observed insecticidal activity of tested EO. As the model setup for studying the possible influence of solvents on the insecticidal effect of EOs, two EOs: mint and rosemary were chosen. The EOs were applied in fum...
jbiopest.com
India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses and shares 35.20 per cent area and 27.65 per cent of the global production. Among the insect pests infesting stored pulses, bruchid Callosobrucrhus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is the most serious one and it attacks invariably all the pulses under storage conditions with mild infestation in the field as well. It is therefore, imperative to save the stored pulses from this serious pest. In many storage systems, fumigants are the most economical and convenient tool for managing storedgrain insect pests. The increasing problem with today's fumigants makes it necessary for research to devise other control procedures and to identify new fumigants, which are eco-friendly and less expensive. Essential oils are potential sources of alternative compounds for currently used fumigants. The LC 50 values of five essential oils viz., eucalyptus, citronella, rosemary, cardamom and geranium were investigated against pulse beetle C. maculatus through fumigation bioassay were 11.66, 16.25, 21.35, 22.07 and 25.11 µl l-1 of air respectively. The lowest LD 50 value was observed for eucalyptus oil (11.66 µl l-1 of air) and the LD 50 value of geranium was the highest (25.11 µl l-1 of air). Fumigant effects of the essential oils are discussed in the context of the existing fumigants is likely to be phased out in 2015.
Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control
Research studies on plant essential oils and their constituents as fumigants, i.e., compounds acting on target insects in the vapour or gaseous phase, against stored-product insects have been reviewed. Fumigant toxicity tests conducted with essential oils of plants (mainly belonging to Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae) and their components (cyanohydrins, monoterpenoids, sulphur compounds, thiocyanates and others) have largely focused on beetle pests such as Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais but little or no attention has been paid towards moths such as Corcyra cephalonica and Sitotroga cerealella. Adults were generally susceptible, whereas, eggs were either tolerant or highly susceptible depending on insect species and the type of essential oil or component. The essential oils proved effective in mixture with CO 2 or ethyl formate. Mode of action studies on monoterpenoids indicate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity as the major site of action. Although, in laboratory tests with adult insects, some of the plant compounds have shown insect toxicity comparable to methyl bromide or chloropicrin, their physical properties such as high molecular weight as well as high boiling point and very low vapour pressure are barriers for application in large-scale fumigations. Plant products, therefore, have the potential for small-scale treatments, space fumigations and as adjuvants for conventional fumigants. The constraints including lack of data for single or multiple components of essential oils on sorption, tainting and residues in food commodities, and registration protocols have been highlighted. The use of egg and pupal stages or preferably mixed-age cultures of target insects in screening tests with any new plant essential oil/compound has also been stressed.
Biological Activities of Essential Oils on Insects
Synthetic pesticides have been considered the most effective and accessible means to control insect pests. However, there is a global concern about synthetic insecticides negative impact on ozone, environmental pollution, toxicity to non-target organisms, and pesticidal residues. The adverse effects of synthetic pesticides have amplified the need for effective and biodegradable pesticides. Essential oils and their constituents have been considered as natural agents against insect pests. Essential oils are renewable, non-persistent in the environment and relatively safe to non-target organisms and humans. This chapter discusses the insecticidal, feeding deterrence, repellency, oviposition and progeny production, growth inhibition and even attractant activities of these compounds to a wide range of insect pests. Results demonstrated that essential oils and their main components could be applicable to the management of insect pests to decrease ecologically detrimental effects of synthe...
2021
The objective of the present study was to investigate the insecticidal activity of essential oils from cultivated aromatic plants and their combinations against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Essential oils from Salvia officinalis, Mentha longifolia and Origanum majorana and their mixtures were tested by fumigation. The ability to kill more than 80% was observed in all tested essential oils at 200μL/Lair. In the case of individual essential oils, the LC50 were ranged from the most toxic to the least as fellow: M. longifolia (31.66 μL/L) followed by S. officinalis (42.70 μL/L) and O. majorana (58.28 μL/L). Moreover, the combination of S. officinalis with M. longifolia and with O. majorana might be the two most effectives in controlling the insect than individuals essential oils and the other combinations. The investigation of the efficiency of each essential oil and combination allow us to create potent combinations for the development of powerful eco-friendly control agents.
Insecticidal activity of essential oil formulas and their physiological effects on eggplant
Journal of Applied Horticulture
This study examined fumigation toxicity of 18 medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) against adult of aphid (Aphid gossypii) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Then, non-target effects of the EO mixtures on physiological changes of eggplant (Solanum melongena) were tested. The insecticidal property and physiological toxicity of the fumigation formulas were also examined and compared to methyl bromide (MB) fumigation. The results showed that the eggplant fumigated with clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) EOs mixture at the ratio of 1:3 (Cl1Le3) showed no significant physiological changes when compared to the control treatment. The formula resulted in similarly high mortalities (82-100%) of both insects when compared to MB. However, MB fumigation caused complete senescence appeared before day 3 observations. On the contrary, the eggplant fumigated with Cl1Le3 at 3 µL/L air showed no differences in the physiological changes when compared to the control throughout the 9-day examinations.
Journal of Insect Science, 2011
Use of insecticides can have disruptive effects on the environment. Replacing the chemical compounds in these insecticides with plant materials, however, can be a safe method with low environmental risk. In the current study, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton) (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) on the adults of three stored product pests was investigated. Results indicated that essential oil of E. cardamomum toxic to the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Adults of E. kuehniella were more sensitive than the Coleoptera. Also, the highest mortality of these insects was seen after 12 hours. Results of the LT 50 tests showed that the lethal time of mortality occurred between 10-20 hours in various test concentrations. Essential oil of E. cardamomum had a good efficacy on oviposition deterrence of C. maculatus females, too. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of cardamom were identified as 1,8-cineol,-terpinyl acetate, terpinene and fenchyl alcohol. These results suggest that essential oil of E. cardamomum is a good choice for control of stored product pests.
Investigation of the efficacy of essential oils used in pest control
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2023
Due to the negative effects of chemicals used on human and environmental health in recent years, alternative methods have been started to be used in the control against pests. At the beginning of these alternative methods is the use of essential oils in the pest management. Essential oils are biodegradable, species-specific, side-effect-free components that do not threaten human, animal and environmental health. Essential oils, as a rule, have a low molecular weight. Essential oils are produced from almost all plant organs, including roots, stems, leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds and tree bark. The purpose of this review is to investigate the effectiveness of essential oils used in the control against pests. In the study, essential oils obtained from species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, the general properties of essential oils with a repellent effect against pests, plant essential oils (EO), which are among the biologically active components, the possibilities of their use in decontaminating pests were discussed. This review will shed light on future studies on the development of alternative products to chemicals used in the pest management.
2018
Some essential oils namely, Garlic, Rose Mary, Mint, Thyme, Geranium, Jojoba and Moringa in comparison with Neem Azal T/S formulation were screened after 72 hr for fumigant activity against the cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. under laboratory conditions of 27± 2ᴏC, 65±5 % R.H. and 16:8 L:D photoperiod. Responses varied according to the kind of essential oil (ESO) and the concentrations used. In the fumigation tests, garlic, rosemary and mint gave 100% mortality to all the individuals and for all the concentrations used after 72 hr. Whereas, Thymes, Geranium, Jojoba and Moringa gave 88, 76.66, 66.67 and 50 % mortalities for the above mentioned ESO used at 3% concentration and after 72 hrs. Neem Azal T/S gave 43.34% mortality at 0.3 % compared with 8 % for control. The obtained data clarified strong insecticidal activity of Garlic, Mint and Rosemary in fumigation test even at lower concentrations. Garlic was the most potent oil used. The LC50 values were arranged ascending a...