An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Influence of Shame in Social Behavior
Revista de Psicologia da IMED, 2014
Shame is an emotion regulator of human behavior, has powerful effects on the adaptation, is an emotionally painful character and may even produce a break in the sense of self worth. Thus, it can trigger dysfunctional patterns of behavior such as low empathy and generate a sense that the individual is powerless or failed. It is crucial to understand how shame can be dysfunctional in order to undermine his power to build a healthy interpersonal relationship. The article discusses the shame, lists aspects of their dynamics and reinforces the need for a review for the clinician.
More or less than human : the influence of shame on psychological distress
2011
Background Shame is a powerful emotion involved in a wide variety of phenomena including psychopathology. The propensity to react with shame to situations of transgression is formed early in life, but the processes by which elevated shame-proneness causes higher levels of psychological distress and functional impairment in some people rather than in others is as yet poorly understood. Objectives The main objective of this thesis was to further elucidate these processes by investigating the implications for shame states, guilt, general coping strategies, attachment styles, and shame-related coping in this context, as well as to evaluate an assessment method for shameproneness. Methods The self-report questionnaires Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS-5), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), and an interview measure for event-related shame and guilt were used for assessment in adult normative, healthy-only, crime victim, and patient samples (n=25-361). A combination of uni-and bivariate approaches and multivariate soft and hard modeling approaches were used for statistical analysis. Results Paper I showed that the TOSCA could be used as a reliable measure for shame-proneness. Paper II showed that guilt was unrelated to post-victimization distress. Elevated shame-proneness was related to higher levels of post-victimization distress. This effect was partially mediated by event-related shame. Paper III showed that in CFS patients, higher levels of shame-proneness, escape-avoidance, and accepting responsibility coping contributed to elevated levels of psychological distress. Seeking support, positive reappraisal coping, and proneness to detachment contributed in the opposite direction. These relationships were weaker in the comparison groups. Paper IV showed that shameproneness was associated with secure attachment style in a negative direction. Higher levels of secure attachment style contributed to lower levels of psychological distress, whereas shame-proneness, insecure attachment styles and withdrawal, attack self, and attack other shame coping strategies contributed in the opposite direction. There were mean differences between women and men regarding most of the variables, but the relationships between variables did not differ between men and women. Conclusions The association between shame-proneness and psychological distress seem to involve a complex balancing act between motives toward preserving close relationships and protecting a relatively positive sense of self. If others are perceived as trustworthy and compassionate and are utilized for support in times of need, the effects of shameproneness may be less debilitating, whereas if others are perceived as distancing or disapproving, and life stress and social transgressions are managed by escape strategies, social withdrawal, self-blame or by transferring blame onto others, the distress effects become more severe. The inner psychodynamics of these functional patterns seem to be rather similar in women and men.
Shame Reactions to Everyday Dilemmas are Associated with Depressive Disorder
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2006
This study examined whether emotional reactions to everyday dilemmas are associated with depressive disorders in a sample of 195 undergraduates. Depressive disorder was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Compared to controls, individuals in current depressive episodes, as well as individuals with a past history of depressive disorder who were in remission, reported more shame in response to both hypothetical interpersonal and real life everyday dilemmas. In contrast, guilt was not significantly associated with depressive disorder. These results raise the possibility that everyday dilemmas and shame responses may play important roles in depressive disorders.
2018
Over the past two decades persuasive arguments have been made to expand the role of emotion in clinical psychology. Research within the basic affective sciences suggests a number of ways that current psychological treatments may benefit from interventions explicitly targeting emotions, particularly for resistant forms of adult psychopathology. Research in this area has found that the inability to regulate feelings of shame may be a significant risk factor in the onset and recurrence of major depression and other psychological disorders. Although theoretical and research interest in the nature and consequences of shame have burgeoned in recent decades, little attention has yet been given to research on the regulation of shame. The present research describes two studies designed to redress this situation. Study 1 investigated the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal relative to rumination in reducing feelings of shame. It was hypothesized that participants who reappraised an autobio...
Rumination and co‑rumination: Factors predicting depression
Aim: All groups and individuals especially students are supposed to be at risk of getting involved with depressive disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between rumination and co-rumination among students of Isfahan University. Methods: This study benefits from both causal-comparative and descriptive-correlative research methods. The participants were bachelor students of Isfahan University. Using simple random sampling, a sample of 234 students from 10 colleges of Isfahan University was selected. They were evaluated based on three research tools such as the second edition of Beck's depression indicators, response rumination scale, and co-rumination questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression. Results: Results indicated that rumination (P < 0.001) and co.rumination (P = 0.009) had significant and positive relationship with a total score of depression. Furthermore, the correlation of all three rumination subscales and all subscales of co-rumination except for subscale in which “the person in question encourages his friends to discuss problems” had positive and significant relationship with the total score of depression (P > 0.001). On the other hand, results revealed that the projection of students with depression in the case of rumination was significant (P ≤ 0.0001, β =0.390). Conclusions: Findings highlighted the predictive value of rumination in students with depression. In addition, this paper identified the importance of training in friendship communicational skills, talking effectively with friends, right thought, and appropriate adjustments of emotions among students.
En Route to Depression: Self-Esteem Discrepancies and Habitual Rumination
Journal of personality, 2014
Dual-process models of cognitive vulnerability to depression suggest that some individuals possess discrepant implicit and explicit self-views, such as high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (fragile self-esteem) or low explicit and high implicit self-esteem (damaged self-esteem). This study investigated whether individuals with discrepant self-esteem may employ depressive rumination in an effort to reduce discrepancy-related dissonance, and whether the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and future depressive symptoms varies as a function of rumination tendencies. Hierarchical regressions examined whether self-esteem discrepancy was associated with rumination in an Australian undergraduate sample at Time 1 (N = 306; Mage = 29.9), and whether rumination tendencies moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms assessed 3 months later (n = 160). Damaged self-esteem was associated with rumination at Time 1. As hypothesized, rumination ...
Shame-Proneness Predicts Social Psychopathology: Considering the Sociometer Theory of Shame
2021
Introduction: The classic act-person model of shame-proneness defined shame as originating from negative self-appraisals following wrongful actions, conferring broad vulnerability to psychopathology. However, recent developments postulate that shame may originate from real or imagined social evaluation (sociometer view of shame). If so, shame might leave one vulnerable to psychosocial stressors and may manifest in social anxiety specifically, even after accounting for general negative affect. We investigated how shame-proneness predicted concurrent symptoms and prospective responses to interpersonal stressors (social anxiety, feeling evaluated, and other symptoms) over five weeks in a sample including individuals at clinical and subclinical levels of emotional symptoms. Method: We oversampled for individuals meeting criteria for anxiety and depressive disorders based on clinical interviews (n = 58) and also included those not meeting diagnostic criteria (n = 101) to ensure a broad r...
Measurement of external shame: an inside view
Journal of personality assessment, 2015
The aims of this study were to investigate the construct validity of the Other as Shamer scale (OAS) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to examine the psychometric properties of its Italian version in a sample of 687 nonclinical individuals. The CFA results indicated that the hypothesized hierarchical model (with 1 higher order factor and 3 first-order factors) was the best fitting solution. Cronbach's alpha indexes, as well as test-retest stability, provided satisfactory results. Correlations of the OAS total score and its subscales with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (rs = .30-.48) and the Teate Depression Inventory (rs = .32-.45) were both substantial and significant (p < .01). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to indicate sensitivity and specificity of the OAS and its subscales when determining those nonclinical subjects who met clinical thresholds for depression symptoms. A series of cutoff scores for the OAS scale and its subscales wa...
Interactive Effects of Self-rumination and Self-reflection on Severity of Depression
Previous researches have indicated that self-focused attention can be divided in to adaptive self-reflection and maladaptive ruminative factors. However self-reflection has two aspects, although it can prevent depression, self-rumination may spoil its adaptive effects. The aim of this study was to compare rumination and reflection in individuals with different severities of depression and normal people.Participants included 129 individuals (67 female, 62 male) with mild, moderate, severe or no symptoms of depression that were selected from clients of psychiatric hospitals or mental health center of Shiraz. Depressed subjects were selected based on a clinical interview and scores of Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Then they were assigned in mild, moderate and severe groups. Normal subjects were selected from people who had no mental disorder based on a clinical interview and scores of BDI-II. All participants completed the revised version of Rumination-Reflection Inventory (Fleckhammer, 2004), which is consisted of private and public subscales. Rumination increases as depression becomes more severe, but reflection is just lower in severe depression. Reflection in individuals with mild or moderate depression is not significantly different from normal subjects. Also, men and women were not different in rumination and reflection scores. These findings indicate that interactive effects of rumination and reflection vary in different severities of depression and in patients with severe depression; maladaptive effect of rumination can spoil adaptive effects of reflection. Keywords: Rumination, Reflection, Private and public rumination, Private and public reflection, Depression.
2020
Worry and rumination are maladaptive cognitive strategies with the purpose to manage negative emotions and threatening events (Wells & Matthews, 1994), and studies have shown that they are associated with an increasing of anxiety and depression (Fresco et al., 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). Although the relationship between guilt and shame with depression and anxiety is well documented (Cândea & Szentagotai-Tătar, 2018; Thibodeau, & Jorgensen, 2011), only few studies (Orth et al., 2006; Mor & Winquist, 2002; Spasojevic & Alloy, 2001) investigated the mediational role of worry and rumination in the relationship between guilt and shame and depression and anxiety. We hypothesized that worry and rumination correlate with all types of interpersonal guilt and with shame and that they mediate the effects of these moral emotions on depression and anxiety disorders. Methods. We recruited a sample of 343 subjects, to whom we administered the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15s (IGRS-15s; Gazzi...