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A Brief Technology Survey of High-Power Microwave Sources
2001
This report provides a brief summary of the characteristics of contemporary high-power microwave sources. The focus is on their physical and operational characteristics and regions of application rather than their theory of operation. Magnetrons, linear beam tubes, split-cavity oscillators, virtual cathode oscillators, gyrotrons, free-electron lasers, and orbitron microwave masers are described. Power supply requirements and engineering issues of the application of HPM devices are addressed. 3
Review of high-power microwave source research
Review of Scientific Instruments, 1997
This article reviews the state-of-the-art in high-power microwave source research. It begins with a discussion of the concepts involved in coherent microwave generation. The main varieties of microwave tubes are classified into three groups, according to the fundamental radiation mechanism involved: Cherenkov, transition, or bremsstrahlung radiation. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the technical fundamentals of high-power microwave sources, including power supplies and electron guns. Finally, the history and recent developments of both high-peak power and high-average power sources are reviewed in the context of four main areas of application: ͑1͒ plasma resonance heating and current drive; ͑2͒ rf acceleration of charged particles; ͑3͒ radar and communications systems; and ͑4͒ high-peak power sources for weapons-effect simulation and exploratory development.
High power microwave devices: Development since 1880
2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2017
High power microwave systems have emerged as a promising new technology that has many applications, which include high power radar, directed energy weapons, laboratory sources for susceptibility and vulnerability testing of electronic systems. These systems are built, applied, and studied in many developed countries such as in United States of America and China. In the recent years, other countries such as Russia, Western Europe, Japan, Taiwan, India, South Korea, and Singapore have also entered the research spheres. In this paper an introduction to the emergence of HPM and the sequential evolution of the technology, that plays an important role in several applications, are discussed. The discussion extends to types of HPM sources, and their effects of electromagnetic interference on electronic systems.
Compact High Power Microwave Generation
2008
The mission of the Army is evolving, which means that the weapon systems required must evolve as well. This will require a new class of munitions with either enhanced lethality or less-than-lethal capability. This requires that we develop new technologies. In order to test these new technologies to ascertain their capabilities, we need suitable test beds. One such test bed that will allow us to evaluate new types of explosive pulsed power devices, power conditioning systems, high power microwave as well as other directed energy sources, and radiators is described in this paper.
Design and optimization of a compact, repetitive, high-power microwave system
2005
The electrical characteristics and design features of a low inductance, compact, 500 kV, 500 J, 10 Hz repetition rate Marx generator for driving an high-power microwave ͑HPM͒ source are discussed. Benefiting from the large energy density of mica capacitors, four mica capacitors were utilized in parallel per stage, keeping the parasitic inductance per stage low. Including the spark-gap switches, a stage inductance of 55 nH was measured, which translates with 100 nF capacitance per stage to ϳ18.5 ⍀ characteristic Marx impedance. Using solely inductors, ϳ1 mH each, as charging elements instead of resistors enabled charging the Marx within less than 100 ms with little charging losses. The pulse width of the Marx into a matched resistive load is about 200 ns with 50 ns rise time. Repetitive HPM generation with the Marx directly driving a small virtual cathode oscilator ͑Vircator͒ has been verified. The Marx is fitted into a tube with 30 cm diameter and a total length of 0.7 m. We discuss the Marx operation at up to 21 kV charging voltage per stage, with repetition rates of up to 10 Hz in burst mode, primarily into resistive loads. A lumped circuit description of the Marx is also given, closely matching the experimental results. Design and testing of a low cost, all-metal Vircator cathode will also be discussed.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2011
A fundamental element of the CLIC concept is two-beam acceleration, where RF power is extracted from a high current, low energy drive beam in order to accelerate the low current main beam to high energy [1]. The CLIC Power Extraction and Transfer Structure (PETS) is a passive microwave device in which bunches of the drive beam interact with the constant impedance of the periodically loaded waveguide and excite preferentially the synchronous mode. The RF power produced is collected downstream of the structure by means of the RF power extractor; it is delivered to the main linac using the waveguide network connecting the PETS to the main CLIC accelerating structures [2]. The PETS should produce 135 MW at 240 ns RF pulses at a very low breakdown rate: BDR o 10 À 7 /pulse/m. Over 2010, a thorough high RF power testing program was conducted in order to investigate the ultimate performance and the limiting factors for the PETS operation. The testing program is described and the results are presented.
High power microwave generation from KALI 5000 pulse power system
2011
Experiments were carried out to generate High Power Microwaves (HPM) from KALI 5000 pulse power system using an axial and a coaxial virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). The KALI 5000 pulse power system is a Marx generator and Blumlein line based system capable of operation at 1 MV, 50 kA, 100 ns. The typical electron beam parameters were 400 kV, 20 kA, and 100 ns, with a current density of a few hundreds of amperes per square centimeter. It was found that the generated HPM power is almost negligible in an axial vircator configuration due to severe impedance collapse problem. Impedance collapse in a planar diode due to fast cathode and anode plasma expansion and bipolar flow across the diode gap. However, HPM could be generated in a coaxial vircator configuration because of the fact that the electrode plasma expansion velocity of the cylindrical diode is much smaller as compared with the planar diode for the same accelerating gap and diode voltage. Therefore, much higher voltage can be obtained for the cylindrical diodes as compared with the planar diodes for the same accelerating gap. The measured HPM power density and the electric field strength at antenna mouth are (4.3 m distance from the Vircator window) 104.5 kW/m2 and 6.27 kV/m respectively. Frequency of the HPM signal was 2.9 GHz and a time-dependent frequency analysis shows that the frequency remains constant in time for almost entire pulse duration.
Gigatron, A New Technology For Microwave Power Devices
Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts, 1989
The gigatron is. a new design concept for microwave power devices. A gated field-eaitter array is employed to produce microwave-modulated electron beam directly from the cathode. A ribbon beam configuration is used to mitigate space-change effects and provide efficient output coupling. A traveling wave output coupler is used to obtain optimum coupling to a wide beam. RF conversion efficiency Is estimated at "75*. Gigatronfamlly devices have been designed for applications from 3 Siz to 60 GHz frequency, from 30 u nicrotubes for phased-array antenna drivers to 500 MM drivers for linac colliders.