Improving bioactivity and strength of PEEK composite polymer for bone application (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020
The addition of biomaterials such as Calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) and incorporation of porosity into polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) are effective ways to improve bone-implant interfaces and osseointegration of PEEK composite. Hence, the morphological effects of nanocomposite on surfaces biocompatibility of a newly fabricated composite of PEEK polymer and cHAp for a bone implant, using additive manufacturing (AM) were investigated. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy were employed to create a microporous scaffold. PEEK osteointegration was slow and, therefore, it was accelerated by surface coatings with the incorporation of bioactive cHAp, with enhanced mechanical and biological behaviors for bone implants. Characterization of the new PEEK/cHAp composite was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical tests of traction and flexion, thermal dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Also, the PEEK/cHAp induced the formation of apatite after immersion in the simulated body fluid of DMEM for different days to check its biological bioactivity for an implant. In-vivo results depicted that the osseointegration and the biological activity around the PEEK/cHAp composite were higher than that of PEEK. The increase in the mechanical performance of cHAp-coated PEEK can be attributed to the increase in the degree of crystallinity and accumulation of residual polymer.
3D printing of PEEK–cHAp scaffold for medical bone implant
Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2020
The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface, which caused unsatisfactory cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth. In this study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was incorporated with Calcium Hydroxyapatite (cHAp) to fabricate a PEEK/cHAp biocomposite, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold. Also, nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK-cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and distribution to promote cell penetration and biological integration of the PEEK-cHAp into the tissue. In vivo tests demonstrated that the surface-treated micropores facilitated the adhesion of newly regenerated soft tissues to form tight implant-tissue interfacial bonding between the cHAp and PEEK. The results of the cell culture depicted that PEEK/HAp exhibited better cell proliferation attachment spreading and higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PEEK alone. Apatite islands formed on the PEEK/HAp composite after immersion in simulated body fluid of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) for 14 days and grew continuously with more or extended periods. The microstructure treatment of the crystallinity of PEEK was comparatively and significantly different from the PEEK-cHAp sample, indicating a better treatment of PEEK/cHAp. The in vitro results obtained from the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite material showed its biodegradability and performance suitability for bone implants. This study has potential applications in the field of biomedical engineering to strengthen the conceptual knowledge of FDM and medical implants fabricated from PEEK-cHAp biocomposite materials.
Modulation, characterization and bioactivity of new biocomposites based on apatite
The present study is focused on preparation of hydroxyapatite (HA)/calcium aluminate (CA) composites and studying the effect of CA content on their mechanical and bioactivity properties. HA/CA composites containing varying CA content (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.%) were fired at 1250 and 1350 8C to evaluate the extend the stability of HA at high temperatures. The composites were assessed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Vickers micro-indentation (H v ) and cold crushing strength (CCS). Bioactivity testing study was carried out for these composites in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days to confirm the formation of apatite layers onto the surfaces. The results confirmed that the addition of CA to HA improve the thermal stability and the mechanical properties of the composites, especially those composites fired at high temperatures. Also, FT-IRRS and SEM confirmed the formation of bone-like apatite layer on the surface of the composites especially those containing high CA content at both firing temperatures. The stability of HA at high firing temperatures was improved via the addition of CA content. Also, the surface reactions of the composites having high CA content at both firing temperatures were higher than those having low CA content post-immersion for 7 days. Conclusions prove that the HA matrix containing 20 wt.% of CA as in C4 composite could be studied in vivo study in the future for using it as bone substitutes, especially in load bearing sites. #
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2004
The synthesis of a new resorbable porous bioactive silica-calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) that can be used as a tissue-engineering scaffold for bone regeneration is described. The effects of chemical composition and thermal treatment on crystallization and the mechanism of phase transformation in SCPC were evaluated. In the silicarich samples, -rhenanite (-NaCaPO 4) and ␣-cristobalite (SiO 2) were the dominant phases after treatment at 800°C. On the other hand, in the calcium phosphate-rich samples, calcium pyrophosphate (Ca 2 P 2 O 7) was formed in addition to -rhenanite and ␣-cristobalaite. X-ray diffraction analyses showed a shift in the 2 value of the main peak(s) of all phases indicating the formation of solid solutions. Phase transformation reactions were accompanied by a loss of water molecules that contributed to the formation of pores in the size range 10-300 m. All SCPC samples adsorbed a significantly higher quantity of serum protein than bioactive glass (p Ͻ 0.0001). In addition, the silica-rich SCPC adsorbed a significantly higher amount of serum protein than the calcium phosphate-rich samples (p Ͻ 0.003). While the crystallization of amorphous silica into L-quartz significantly inhibited serum protein adsorption, the transformation of L-quartz into ␣-cristobalite solid solution (ss) significantly enhanced protein adsorption. On the other hand, in conjunction with the transformation of brushite (CaHPO 4) into pyro-and tri-calcium phosphates, there was a significant decrease in protein adsorption. However, as pyro-and tricalcium phosphates transformed into -rhenanite, by thermal treatment, protein adsorption increased markedly. Critical-size bone defects grafted with silica-rich SCPC were filled with new bone and contained minimal residues of the graft material. Bone defects grafted with bioactive glass enhanced new bone formation, however, with very limited resorption. The enhanced resorption of SCPC in vivo correlates well with the higher rate of silica dissolution from SCPC than bioactive glass. The facilitated Si dissolution was associated with rapid bone regeneration in defects grafted with SCPC. The enhanced bioactivity properties of the SCPC are due to its chemical composition, modified crystalline structure, and high porosity. The new SCPC may be used for a wide variety of applications in the field of bone reconstruction including tissue-engineering scaffolds for cell and drug delivery.
1 3 D printing of PEEK / HAp scaffold for medical bone implant 1 2
2020
11 The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface, which caused unsatisfactory 12 cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth. In this 13 study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was incorporated with Calcium Hydroxyapatite (cHAp) to fabricate a PEEK/cHAp 14 biocomposite, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous 15 architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold. Also, nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK-cHAp 16 biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK-cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its 17 mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique 18 was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and 19 distribution to promote cell penetration and ...
Nucleation of biomimetic apatite in synthetic body fluids: dense and porous scaffold development
Biomaterials, 2005
The effectiveness of synthetic body fluids (SBF) as biomimetic sources to synthesize carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) powder similar to the biological inorganic phase, in terms of composition and microstructure, was investigated. CHA apatite powders were prepared following two widely experimented routes: (1) calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate and (2) calcium hydroxide and ortophosphoric acid, but using SBF as synthesis medium instead of pure water. The characteristics of the asprepared powders were compared, also with the features of apatite powders synthesized via pure water-based classical methods. The powder thermal resistance and behaviour during densification were studied together with the mechanical properties of the dense samples. The sponge impregnation process was used to prepare porous samples having morphological and mechanical characteristics suitable for bone substitution.
Nanomaterials
Bone tissue engineering is an advanced field for treatment of fractured bones to restore/regulate biological functions. Biopolymeric/bioceramic-based hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds are potential biomaterials for bone tissue because of biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. We report synthesis of nanocomposite based on acrylic acid (AAc)/guar gum (GG), nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp NPs), titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and optimum graphene oxide (GO) amount via free radical polymerization method. Porous scaffolds were fabricated through freeze-drying technique and coated with silver sulphadiazine. Different techniques were used to investigate functional group, crystal structural properties, morphology/elemental properties, porosity, and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds. Results show that increasing amount of TiO2 in combination with optimized GO has improved physicochemical and microstructural properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength (2.96 to 13.31...
3D-printed biomimetic bone implant polymeric composite scaffolds
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
This research introduced a new poly-ether-ether-ketone calcium hydroxyapatite (PEEK-cHAp) composite for a convenient, fast, and inexpensive femur bone-implant scaffold with different lattice structures to mimic natural bone structure. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) was used to print a hybrid PEEK-based filament-bearing bioactive material suited for developing cHAp. Using FDM, the same bone scaffold PEEK will be fabricated, depending on the shape of the bone fracture. The scaffolds were examined for in vitro bioactivity by immersing them in a simulated bodily fluid (SBF) solution. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity tests validated the suitability of the composite materials employed to create minimal toxicity of the scaffolds. After spreading PEEK nanoparticles in the grains, the suggested spherical nanoparticle cell expanded over time. The motif affected the microstructure of PEEK-cHAp in terms of grain size and 3D shape. The results established the proposed optimum design and suit...