Nanostructural interface and strength of polymer composite scaffolds applied to intervertebral bone (original) (raw)
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Mechanical characterization of a polymeric scaffold for bone implant
Journal of Materials Science, 2020
The 3D printing of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composite of lightweight, high strength, and relatively low-cost composite are rare. This is due to the high melting temperature and poor adhesion problems. This research carefully examines the computational characterization of the nanos-tructure and finite element analysis (FEA) of PEEK/hydroxyapatite (HAP)/-graphene oxide (GO) to solve the problems of high melting temperature and poor adhesion and makes it possible to achieve the lightweight characteristic. Based on the loading condition, a new principal stress trajectory is generated through FEA and used as the guidance for the placement path of PEEK/HAP/GO. The design of the hot extrusion head was implemented at the ambient temperature. Many essential factors were considered while printing PEEK/HAP/GO structures without distortion and degradation of the composite. Compression and traction tests were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the new PEEK/ HAP/GO structure. These were done using three-point flexure test techniques. The addition of physiologically active substances such as bioglass and the incorporation of porosity in PEEK/HAP/GO have been identified as an effective way to improve the osseointegration of bone-implant interfaces, produce a lightweight structure, and improve the biocompatibility of product. A 3000 mm/min printing speed was observed in the 3D-printed PEEK/HAP/GO, with a porosity of 1.2% of maximum increasing strength. This article will help researchers to strengthen their conceptual and computational knowledge of 3D printing tools and medical devices as well as explore future possibilities based on the use of PEEK/HAP/GO.
3D printing of PEEK–cHAp scaffold for medical bone implant
Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2020
The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface, which caused unsatisfactory cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth. In this study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was incorporated with Calcium Hydroxyapatite (cHAp) to fabricate a PEEK/cHAp biocomposite, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold. Also, nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK-cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and distribution to promote cell penetration and biological integration of the PEEK-cHAp into the tissue. In vivo tests demonstrated that the surface-treated micropores facilitated the adhesion of newly regenerated soft tissues to form tight implant-tissue interfacial bonding between the cHAp and PEEK. The results of the cell culture depicted that PEEK/HAp exhibited better cell proliferation attachment spreading and higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PEEK alone. Apatite islands formed on the PEEK/HAp composite after immersion in simulated body fluid of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) for 14 days and grew continuously with more or extended periods. The microstructure treatment of the crystallinity of PEEK was comparatively and significantly different from the PEEK-cHAp sample, indicating a better treatment of PEEK/cHAp. The in vitro results obtained from the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite material showed its biodegradability and performance suitability for bone implants. This study has potential applications in the field of biomedical engineering to strengthen the conceptual knowledge of FDM and medical implants fabricated from PEEK-cHAp biocomposite materials.
1 3 D printing of PEEK / HAp scaffold for medical bone implant 1 2
2020
11 The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface, which caused unsatisfactory 12 cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth. In this 13 study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was incorporated with Calcium Hydroxyapatite (cHAp) to fabricate a PEEK/cHAp 14 biocomposite, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous 15 architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold. Also, nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK-cHAp 16 biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK-cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its 17 mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique 18 was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and 19 distribution to promote cell penetration and ...
Mechanical performances of hip implant design and fabrication with PEEK composite
Polymer, 2021
Artificial bone implant materials need porosity for nutrient distribution, moderate pore size to provide cell cultures and bone-like mechanical properties. The homogenisation of discrepancies between the microstructure of implants and bone is an important subject. This research aims to design microstructures with poly ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and its composites to improve the compatibility of implants. Porous hip bone implants fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) are proposed to mimic natural bone with various homogenisation lattice structures and excellent properties. Five isotropic lattice structures with homogenisation control strategies are printed with PEEK and composite PEEK with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp). An examination is performed on a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the effective module surface of the five composite porous unit lattice structures. The relationship between the modulus of elasticity, anisotropy and cell parameters are thoroughly investigated by finite element analysis (FEA). Analysis of the surface treatment used to create micropores in the scaffolding and the nanostructure yields a bioactive PEEK/hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite with various control configuration distributions and cell growths. The functionalised biocompatibility and degradability of rGO/HAp composite in various ratios to PEEK, and their nanostructure arrays, are studied by a surface functionalisation approach. The improved design eliminates slight imperfections, allowing for a more stable structure. The controlled homogenisation, porosity and particle size distribution helps to increase cellular infiltration and biological integration of the PEEK and hip implant composites.
Modeling and Simulation of 3D Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration
International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends, 2022
The major problem in the use of scaffold for bone tissue engineering is the requirement of porous structure along with the regeneration properties. Identification of material with suitable biological and mechanical properties is a major challenge in the field of bone tissue engineering. In this study, Poly-lactic acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) were used as material for the designing of 3D scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. 3D scaffold designs were modeled by using PLA and PETG materials with different shapes using rhino software. The mechanical properties of designed 3D scaffold models were simulated and analyzed by using Ansys software. Based on the simulation, the suitable designs of both PLA and PETG materials were selected. The selected 3D scaffold designs were fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The fabricated 3D scaffold designs were analyzed based on its porosity; the suitable material was identified as PLA while compare with PETG. Therefore, it was concluded that PLA will be the suitable material rather than PETG for the application of bone scaffold.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020
The addition of biomaterials such as Calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) and incorporation of porosity into polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) are effective ways to improve bone-implant interfaces and osseointegration of PEEK composite. Hence, the morphological effects of nanocomposite on surfaces biocompatibility of a newly fabricated composite of PEEK polymer and cHAp for a bone implant, using additive manufacturing (AM) were investigated. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy were employed to create a microporous scaffold. PEEK osteointegration was slow and, therefore, it was accelerated by surface coatings with the incorporation of bioactive cHAp, with enhanced mechanical and biological behaviors for bone implants. Characterization of the new PEEK/cHAp composite was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical tests of traction and flexion, thermal dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Also, the PEEK/cHAp induced the formation of apatite after immersion in the simulated body fluid of DMEM for different days to check its biological bioactivity for an implant. In-vivo results depicted that the osseointegration and the biological activity around the PEEK/cHAp composite were higher than that of PEEK. The increase in the mechanical performance of cHAp-coated PEEK can be attributed to the increase in the degree of crystallinity and accumulation of residual polymer.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2009
Scaffold biomaterials for tissue engineering can be produced in many different ways depending on the applications and the materials used. Most research into new biomaterials is based on an experimental trial-and-error approach that limits the possibility of making many variations to a single material and studying its interaction with its surroundings. Instead, computer simulation applied to tissue engineering can offer a more exhaustive approach to test and screen out biomaterials. In this paper, a review of the current approach in biomaterials designed through computer-aided design (CAD) and through finite-element modelling is given. First we review the approach used in tissue engineering in the development of scaffolds and the interactions existing between biomaterials, cells and mechanical stimuli. Then, scaffold fabrication through CAD is presented and characterization of existing scaffolds through computed images is reviewed. Several case studies of finite-element studies in ti...
Architecture and properties of anisotropic polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Biomaterials, 2006
Bone is a complex porous composite structure with specific characteristics such as viscoelasticity and anisotropy, both in morphology and mechanical properties. Bone defects are regularly filled with artificial tissue grafts, which should ideally have properties similar to those of natural bone. Open cell composite foams made of bioresorbable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and ceramic fillers, hydroxyapatite (HA) or b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP), were processed by supercritical CO 2 foaming. Their internal 3Dstructure was then analysed by micro-computed tomography (mCT), which evidenced anisotropy in morphology with pores oriented in the foaming direction. Furthermore compressive tests demonstrated anisotropy in mechanical behaviour, with an axial modulus up to 1.5 times greater than the transverse modulus. Composite scaffolds also showed viscoelastic behaviour with increased modulus for higher strain rates. Such scaffolds prepared by gas foaming of polymer composite materials therefore possess suitable architecture and properties for bone tissue engineering applications. r
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2016
The really nontrivial goal of tissue engineering is combining all scaffold micro-architectural features, affecting both fluid-dynamical and mechanical performance, to obtain a fully functional implant. In this work we identified an optimal geometrical pattern for bone tissue engineering applications, best balancing several graft needs which correspond to competing design goals. In particular, we investigated the occurred changes in graft behavior by varying pore size (300 μm, 600 μm, 900 μm), interpore distance (equal to pore size or 300 μm fixed) and pores interconnection (absent, 45°-oriented, 90°-oriented). Mathematical considerations and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools, here combined in a complete theoretical model, were carried out to this aim. Poly-lactic acid (PLA) based samples were realized by 3D printing, basing on the modeled architectures. A collagen (COL) coating was also realized on grafts surface and the interaction between PLA and COL, besides the protein contribution to graft bioactivity, was evaluated. Scaffolds were extensively characterized; human articular cells were used to test their biocompatibility and to evaluate the theoretical model predictions. Grafts fulfilled both the chemical and physical requirements. Finally, a good agreement was found between the theoretical model predictions and the experimental data, making these prototypes good candidates for bone graft replacements.