Ballistic studies of lightweight materials -a review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Wear, 2006
The surface characteristics of the AK-47 (7.62 mm × 39 mm Armour Piercing) and G3 (7.62 mm × 51 mm Armour Piercing) projectile tips were investigated after impacting an Al alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particles at high velocity. The composite samples were manufactured from Al-7075 by the squeeze casting method and they were subjected to ballistic impact tests as defined in related ballistic standards of the National Institute of Justice standards.The types of damage that occurred on the projectile tip nose and surface such as wear, plastic yielding and craters were examined by the SEM and ED-X techniques. The wear and failure mechanisms of the composite were evaluated from the ballistic performance viewpoint. The matrix material melted and transferred to the tip surface was also determined as a Karamış area.It was found that the projectile tip nose was either broken or plastically deformed when it impacted the composite. The tip surface was also scratched by the hard Al2O3 particles, and plastic yielding, microcutting and deep grooves were generated on the surface. The wear mechanism on the projectile tip surface was determined as predominantly abrasion due to the hard reinforcement particles (Al2O3) in the composite.
A Study of Ballistic Resistance on Magnesium Alloy, AZ31B
This paper discusses the deformation observation of the AZ31B magnesium alloy associated to the absorption energy criterion under the ballistic impact condition. The ballistic testing on a magnesium alloy plate was performed at the velocity of 435 m/s for the 9 mm × 19 mm Parabellum projectile. The ballistic test was followed by NIJ Standard level IIIA. The 9 mm × 19 mm Parabellum projectile shows that prepenetration was observed in the magnesium alloy. The depth of penetration on AZ31B was shows 8 mm from 25 mm plate thickness. The magnesium alloy can sustained the ballistic impact from projectile 9 mm × 19 mm Parabellum. However, the properties of magnesium alloy must be improved to sustain at higher level types of projectile.
2019
Numerical investigation of high strength Aluminum alloy subjected to high velocity impact by a rigid spherical projectile. Paper presented at 18th International Symposium for the Interaction of the Effect of Munitions with Structures 2019, United States. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
2018
Ballistic resistance has become towards researchers' attention especially those in enforcement industry. In the ballistic resistance, researchers are keen to determine the lowest velocity of projectile that able to perforate a target. From result obtained, researchers can propose modification to enhance the survival of enforcement personnel. For an example, armor shield which is employed by enforcement personnel during gun fight. The main objective of this paper was to present the preliminary result of ballistic resistance of aluminium plate that will be used as a reference in the experiment works later. Future works will involve aluminium laminated with z-composite. In this study, the target was aluminium plate with thickness of 3 mm and fragment simulating projectile (FSP) acted as the projectile. The FSP was launched from gas gun which was located 2 meters from the aluminium plate. The velocity of FSP was varied by changing the charge weight. The experiment was carried-out at Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Batu Arang. From the experiment conducted, it was found the ballistic limit was equal to 257.7 m/s. Furthermore, there were two main modes of failure observed which were non-perforation and successful perforation. For non-perforation, the mode of failure was crater with and without FSP embedded into the plate. Meanwhile for the successful perforation, the mode of failure was a hole along with petals.
Ballistic Resistance of Composite Materials Tested by Taylor Anvil Test
Manufacturing Technology
This study is focused on testing the ballistic resistance of composite materials to define their limit thicknesses according to the US STANDARD NIJ 0101.06, level III. The materials Twaron CT 747, Twaron CT 747 TH110 and Endumax Shield XF33, which are widely used in the manufacture of the ballistic protection systems, were tested. A method known as the Taylor Anvil Test (TAT) was used to verify their ballistic resistance. The missile 7.62 mm M80 was used to test the ballistic resistance of these materials. Within the experimental part, the deformation processes of composite materials were examined after impact by this missile. The value of the traumatic effect according to the US STANDARD NIJ 0101.06 was also measured. The results of the experiment provide an idea of the ballistic resistance of selected materials. Based on the results, TAT proved to be the perspective measurement method for further development and optimalization of the multilayer composite armor.
Analysis and investigation of ballistic impact on ceramic/metal composite armour
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2004
The subject of this paper is to analyze the impact of projectiles against ceramic/metal armour using a simple one-dimensional mode. The model allows the calculation of the loss of projectile mass and its velocity, and gives the deflection of the backup material. This work also investigates the influence of grain size of the ceramic material on ballistic performance, which is very useful during selection of the best material for each application. Therefore, two formulations of the same ceramic material were produced. They had the same chemical composition, the same mechanical properties, but different grain size. The ballistic performances were compared measuring the maximum velocity each formulation was able to support, without perforation.
Ballistic impact on bi-layer alumina/aluminium armor: A semi-analytical approach
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2013
This paper presents a semi-analytical approach on the performance of ceramic/metal armor under ballistic impact. Numerical simulations for alumina/aluminum armor impacted by 20 mm APDS in AUTODYN were carried out and verified against the experimental data. Comprehensive numerical simulations were performed using the verified numerical model material parameters providing corroborative data for ensuing discussions. A semi-analytical model relating projectile residual velocity, impact velocity and armor ballistic limit velocity (BLV) is presented for impact of hard projectile against ceramic/metal armor. It is shown that the projectile residual velocity and BLV satisfy the replica scaling laws. Based on the replica scaling laws of projectile residual velocity and BLV, an empirical equation for BLV is obtained and used for armor optimization applications giving reasonable results similar to experiments available in the literature.
Ballistic study of alumina ceramic-steel composite for structural applications
Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2020
The protection of security/military personnel and their structural facilities such as vehicles, aircraft and other security hardware continues to attract research attention as trade-off between weight and protection lingers. Ceramics are employed in lightweight armour system for its ballistic efficiency and weight advantage; meanwhile, it is comparatively expensive. This research examined the effectiveness of sintered alumina, developed from corundum, as a laminate component of ceramic-steel composite for structural armour applications. Both armour steel and medium carbon steel were separately impacted by 7.62 × 51 mm armour-piercing (AP) projectile before laminated with the prepared sintered ceramic in evaluating its ballistic resistance. The mechanical properties of the sintered ceramic compete favourably with the commercial CoorsTEK ® sintered ceramics. Subsequently, varying target configurations of the ceramic and medium carbon steel composites were studied and analyzed against the same projectile in accordance with NIJ Standard-0108.01. The composite structure, depending on the configuration, displays different forms of failure modes. The high-impact experimental study confirmed the protective capability of the sintered ceramic by its severity interaction against projectile and delay of projectile penetration when used as a laminate component plate.
Structures Under Shock and Impact X, 2008
In this study, perforation performance tests of multi layered ceramic-metal composite armours consisting of alumina ceramics (99.5% Al 2 O 3) and aluminium Al 2024-T351 backup materials against a 7.62mm armour piercing (AP) bullet and a 12.7mm AP bullet impact were numerically simulated and then these simulations were verified by the ballistic tests. Nonlinear dynamics finite element simulations are solved with the LS-DYNA lagrangian solver. In the study, new sets of material constants for appropriate material models, which describe the bullet's steel core and aluminium target material deformation better, are obtained. These new material constants are obtained by evaluating stress-strain curve data and also making Depth of Penetration (DOP) simulations and verification tests for each AP bullet and Al 2024-T351 material before perforation performance simulations of ceramic composite structures. The 3D finite element model is generated and compared with 2D simulations. For DOP simulations, the steel core of the bullet is only modelled, but for perforation simulations a full bullet (copper jacketed and filler material) model is used in simulations for the 12.7mm AP bullet. According to the DOP simulation results, Plastic-Kinematics hardening material model is reasonable enough to describe material damage modelling for both bullets and Al 2024-T351 material. Failure strain (FS), which is the most critical value in the simulations, is obtained from stress-strain curve data and also evaluating DOP test results with some correlation for high strain rate condition. The FS value for Al 2024-T351 against a 12.7mm bullet impact is estimated higher than a 7.62mm bullet impact, which is well expressed by strain hardening due to the increased impact area and energy of the bullet. In perforation simulations, bullets and Al 2024-T351 are simulated with a plastic-kinematics hardening material model, but for the ceramics material, a Johnson-Holmquist (JH2) ceramic material model is selected for a good estimation. Ballistic verification tests performed show that numerical simulations are overlapped successfully with the test results with an acceptable difference. With these appropriate material model constants; the fracture conoid in ceramics, bullet deviation from the line of impact and then stopping, bullet end deformation and aluminium bulging is well shown in the simulations.
Falling Weight Low Velocity Ballistic Testing and Its Damage on Different Type of Metals
2021
In this research, the damage mechanism applied by the projectile at the ballistic tip on the samples during the ballistic test of the samples consisting of different materials with the same wall thickness as the ballistic test was attempted to determine. Free falling low velocity ballistic test was performed in order to compare stainless steel, brass, copper, low carbon steel materials with the same wall thickness section. A jig consisting of sensitive force readings was set up and its principles were established. This study showed that the projectile tip creates a deformation zone as well as the state of absorbing the impact on the material which are possible to determine by sensitive measurements. Stainless steel and Brass showed better performance than low C steel and Copper due possibly to low work hardening property. K, strength coefficient, showed a significant correlation with the results.