Effects of drying on selected qualities of Spirulina platensis protein (original) (raw)
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Nitrogen is one of the primary requirements of growth media for any cell. Absence of nitrogen or starvation condition is considered as stress by the organisms. Increasing the nitrogen concentration upto 0.04 M significantly increased the biomass, protein, phycocyanin and lipid content of Spirulina, while total carotenoids and -carotene content were reduced compared to control. In contrast, the biomass, protein, phycocyanin and lipid content were reduced in the control indicating that nitrogen requirement for synthesis of aminoacids, which make up protein and other cellular components such as phycocyanin. The accumulation of carotenoids under nitrogen starvation may be due to production of a large amount of acetyl-CoA, which serves as a precursor for synthesis of carotenoids.
Cultivation of Spirulina platensis by continuous process using ammonium chloride as nitrogen source
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2007
This work is focused on the influence of dilution rate (0.08pDp0.32 d À1 ) on the kinetics of continuous cultivation of Spirulina platensis at two different concentrations of ammonium chloride (N 0 ¼ 1.0 and 10 mM) as nitrogen source. Cell productivity increased in both series of runs up to Dffi0.12-0.16 d À1 , and then decreased. While at N 0 ¼ 1.0 mM biomass washing was certainly the cause of progressive cell concentration decrease, a combination of this phenomenon with the toxic effect of excess ammonia was responsible, at N 0 ¼ 10 mM and DX0.20 d À1 , for quick stop of cell growth just beyond the achievement of maximum cell productivity (92.4 mg l À1 d À1 ). Similar profile was observed for protein productivity, that achieved a maximum value of 67.0 mg l À1 d À1 , because of the very high protein content (72.5%) of biomass produced under these conditions. The yield of nitrogen-to-biomass was much higher at the lower N 0 , because of the low protein content, and reached a maximum value of 9.7 g g À1 at D ¼ 0.08-0.12 d À1 . The yield of nitrogen-to-protein showed less marked difference, being most of the nitrogen present in the cell as proteins or free amino-acids. r
2000
The influence of culture temperature and the concentration of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) on the gas-chromatographic profile of the fatty acids of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was evaluated. We found that temperature was the most important factor and that the greatest amount of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was obtained at 30 ∞C, the fatty acid profile of the Spirulina cultivated showing that (in order of abundance) palmitic, linolenic and linoleic acids were most prevalent.
African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015
Spirulina is useful to man in many aspects of life including health, food and cosmetics. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the optimum physical and chemical conditions that promote Spirulina mass production by varying a set of physical and chemical parameters, namely pH levels; Mg 2+ ion concentration; nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon sources; salinity and different growing media. Temperature, light intensity, and light/dark cycle were maintained at 30°C±2, 4400 lx and 14:10 respectively throughout the study. At pH 9, the dry weight, protein, and chlorophyll a contents were 7.83±0.29 g/L, 1.34±0.12 mg/mL and 18.64±0.06 µg/mL respectively. At 0.8 mmol/L MgO, maximum dry weight, protein, and chlorophyll a contents were obtained. By using NaNO 3 as the source of nitrogen, the dry weight was 2.24±0.13 g/L while the protein and chlorophyll a contents were 3.24±0.30 mg/mL and 2.53±0.24 µg/mL respectively. The highest biomass, chlorophyll a and protein contents were obtained by using K 2 HPO 4 as the source of phosphorous. When NaHCO 3 was used as the carbon source, the highest dry weight, protein and chlorophyll a yields were observed. Of the growing media used, Zarrouk's medium yielded the highest biomass protein and chlorophyll a contents. Furthermore, under different salinities, the optimal dry weight, protein and chlorophyll a yields were obtained at 2.5%. This study provides the basis for high biomass production of Spirulina which is a promising microalga endowed with many health benefits due to its high protein content.
Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media
The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2012
This study aimed to provide a cost effective medium to large scale production of Spirulina platensis. This intention was implemented by substituting all the nutrients present in Zarrouk's medium (SM) with cheaper and locally available commercial fertilizers and chemicals. The Reduced Cost medium contained single super phosphate (SSP), commercial sodium bicarbonate, Muriate of potash (MOP) and crude sea-salt, (Syahat salt). Four grades of nitrogen concentrations representing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SM nitrogen concentration (29.42 mM-N) were taken from ammonium nitrate (Treatments 1-4) or urea (Treatments 5-8) respectively, for testing. The alga was grown for 33 days at 30 ± 2°C, pH 9, 30 lEm 2 s À1 irradiance. The growth characteristics (maximum biomass X m , cell productivity P x , specific growth rate l m and chlorophyll concentration), and biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) of the alga grown in these media were compared with that cultivated in SM. Significant differences in the growth parameters and biochemical composition were observed for the different nitrogen sources and concentrations. The results revealed that S. platensis could utilize ammonium nitrate most efficiently and that growth was enhanced with increasing the concentrations of ammonium nitrate giving maximum biomass at 0.353 g/L (Treatment 3). Further increasing the concentration limited growth. The growth parameters in urea showed a significant decrease associated with increasing urea concentrations. The maximum biomass, chlorophyll and protein yield (0.813 ± 0.018 mg/L, 0.0685 ± 0.0024 lg/L and 52.62%, respectively) were recorded using Treatment 3 which was comparable with that of SM (0.
Different nitrogen sources and growth responses of Spirulina platensis in microenvironments
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2000
Spirulina platensis was cultivated, in comparative studies, using several sources of nitrogen. The standard source used (sodium nitrate) was the same as that used in the synthetic medium Zarrouk, whereas the alternative nitrogen sources consisted of ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate or acid ammonium phosphate. The initial nitrogen concentrations tested were 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 M in an aerated photobioreactor at 30°C, with an illuminance of 1900 lux, and 12 h-light/12 h-dark photoperiod over a period of 672 h. Maximum biomass was produced in medium containing sodium nitrate (0.01±0.03±0.05 M), followed by ammonium nitrate (0.01 M) and urea (0.01 M). The ®nal biomass concentrations were 1.992 g l)1 (0.03 M sodium nitrate), 1.628 g l)1 (0.05 M sodium nitrate), 1.559 g l)1 (0.01 M sodium nitrate), 0.993 g l)1 (0.01 M ammonium nitrate) and 0.910 g l)1 (0.01 M urea). This suggested that it is possible to utilize nitrogen sources other than sodium nitrate for growing S. platensis, in order to decrease the production costs of scaled up projects.
Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous, free floating cyanobacterium or photosynthetic blue green algae. Spirulina has been so popular in the world due to its high nutritional contents. As it contains chlorophyll 'a', like higher plants botanist classify it as micro algae belonging to Cyanophyceae class; but according to bacteriologists it is a bacterium due to its prokaryotic structure. Mexicans started using this microorganism as human food. The nutritional status of cultured Spirulina suggested that the biomass of Spirulina is nutritionally rich in protein. Cyanobacterium Spirulina is proficient to cultivate in a variety of culture media. The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the lab scale cultivation of Spirulina by using different substrates like cheese whey, cow urine, rain water and tube well water. Also it is evaluated for its chlorophyll and protein content. Different concentration gradients of the substrates i.e. cheese whey, cow urine, rain water and tube well water ranges from 10 -1 to 10 -6 with ZARROUK'S medium were analyzed for Spirulina growth at pH 9.5 ± 2, temperature 30°C ± 2 and photo-period of 10-12 hours. Spirulina was successfully cultivated by using different substrates and maximum chlorophyll and protein content was founded. The results indicate the potentiality of all the four substrates to provide nutrients to culture medium that reduces its valuable cost and make it a cheaper and economic medium to cultivate Spirulina.
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2024
Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium with the ability to colonize environments that are unsuitable for many other organisms. It forms populations in freshwater and brackish lakes, as well as some marine environments, primarily alkaline saline lakes. Spirulina contains a high content of protein (up to 70%), along with high amounts of essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins (especially B12), antioxidant pigments (phycobiliproteins and carotenoids) and polysaccharides. Spirulina mainly grow in highly alkaline water. Lonar Lake is considered as the largest source of alkaline water in India so the water from Lonar Lake was used to isolate Spirulina. The isolation was carried out in Zarrouk's media. It is specific media used for the growth of Spirulina. Spirulina requires light and cold condition for proper growth so these conditions were maintained during the growth. The media was inoculated with the water sample and kept for incubation at 22˚C for over 15 days. The media was also supplemented with some trace metals for good yield. After incubation period the media was observed under microscope to confirm the Spirulina was isolated. After the isolation was successful Spirulina was cultivated by using various substrates such as cow urine, cheese whey, tap water etc. The substrate were added in the media and the media was inoculated with isolated culture of Spirulina .The media was kept for incubation in similar conditions used during isolation. After 15 days the sample were studied for their protein content, carbohydrate content.