Search for suitable matrix for the use of tin-based anodes in lithium ion batteries (original) (raw)
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Carbon, 2006
Electrochemical lithium insertion was carried out in tin-graphite composites obtained by two different preparation processes. In the first graphite was mixed with the products obtained by reduction of SnCl 4 with Na tert-Butanoate (t-BuONa)-activated NaH (two-step synthesis). The second used materials synthesized by reducing SnCl 4 with a graphite and (t-BuONa)-activated NaH suspension in THF (one-pot synthesis). Both composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It appeared that the tin particle size was controlled by the reduction time of SnCl 4. The stability of the electrochemical capacity of composites prepared by the two-step synthesis is dependent on the tin particle size: a stable capacity upon cycling was shown with subnanometer particles while a capacity fade was observed with larger nanoparticles. In materials prepared by the one pot synthesis, tin was present either as nanopartcles supported on graphite or as free aggregates. An initial reversible capacity of 630 mA hg À1 decayed to a constant value of 415 mA hg À1 after 12 charge/discharge cycles. It was hypothesized that the fraction of tin bound to graphite contributed to the stable reversible capacity while free tin aggregates were responsible for its decay.
Study of Sn-Coated Graphite as Anode Material for Secondary Lithium-Ion Batteries
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2002
Tin-graphite composites have been developed as an alternate anode material for Li-ion batteries using an autocatalytic deposition technique. The specific discharge capacity, coulombic efficiency, rate capability behavior, and cycle life of Sn-C composites has been studied using a variety of electrochemical methods. The amount of tin loading and the heating temperature have a significant effect on the composite performance. The synthesis conditions and Sn loading on graphite have been optimized to obtain the maximum reversible capacity for the composite electrode. Heating the composite converts it from amorphous to crystalline form. Apart from higher capacity, Sn-graphite composites possesses higher coulombic efficiency, better rate capability, and longer cycle life than the bare synthetic graphite. Current studies are focused on reducing the first cycle irreversible capacity loss of this material.
Low-temperature behavior of graphite–tin composite anodes for Li-ion batteries
Journal of Power Sources, 2010
The challenge of increasing low-temperature performances of anodes for Li-ion batteries is faced by preparing graphite-tin composite electrodes. The anodes are prepared by mixing partially oxidized graphite with nanometric Sn powder or by coating the oxidized graphite electrode with a thin Sn layer. Long-term cycling stability and intercalation/deintercalation performances of the composite anodes in the temperature range 20 • C to −30 • C are evaluated. Kinetics is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in the attempt to explain the role of Sn in reducing the overall electrode polarization at low temperature. Two possible mechanisms of action for bulk metal powder and surface metal layer are proposed.
Carbon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Physical characterisation of tin-graphite composites 6.3.2 Electrochemical measurement of Sn-graphite composite electrodes 6.4 Conclusions CHAPTER 7. ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TIN-COATED MCMB GRAPHITE AS ANODE IN LITHIUM-ION CELLS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental 7.3 Results and discussion 7.4 Conclusion CHAPTER 8. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Tin and graphite based nanocomposites: Potential anode for sodium ion batteries
Pure tin (Sn) and a homogeneous nanocomposite of tin and graphite (C), denoted as Sn/C, have been studied as a suitable anode for sodium ion batteries. The Sn/C nanocomposites have been synthesized by high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) of pure Sn and graphite of nominal composition C-70 wt.% Sn. Pure microcrystalline Sn (≤44 μm) exhibits a 1st discharge capacity ∼856 mAh g−1 which is close to the expected theoretical capacity, however, it shows a large 1st cycle irreversible loss (∼67%) and the anticipated inevitable rapid fade in capacity expectedly due to structural failure of the electrode. On the other hand, the resultant Sn/C based nanocomposite, synthesized by HEMM after 1h of milling, exhibits a 1st cycle discharge capacity ∼584 mAh g−1 with a 1st cycle irreversible loss ∼30%. The Sn/C nanocomposite shows a 1st cycle charge capacity of ∼410 mAh g−1 with improved capacity retention in comparison to pure Sn displaying 0.7% fade in capacity per cycle up to 20 cycles when cycled at a rate of ∼C/8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates that the structural integrity and microstructural stability of the Sn/C nanocomposite during the alloying/dealloying processes appear to be the primary factors contributing to the good cyclability observed in the above HEMM derived nanocomposite suggesting its promise as a potential anode for Na-ion systems.► Tin and graphite mixture and nanocomposites have been synthesized by high energy mechanical milling (HEMM). ► Mechanically milling results in nanocrystalline nanocomposites. ► The mechanically milled nanocomposites exhibit stable capacities of ∼410 mAh g−1. ► Electrochemical response varies with duration of mechanical milling. ► Good electrochemical response of the nanocomposite is due to structural stability.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1995
Carbon is one of the best candidate materials for the negative electrode of rechargeabte lithium batteries; however, the electrochemical characteristics are not fully understood in terms of the structure of the materials. The relationship linking the volume ration of the graphitic structure (P1) of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) and the electrochemical characteristics has been examined, and it was found that the capacity in the range between 0 to 0.25 V (vs. Li/Li +) in 1 tool 9-~ LiC1OJethylene carbonate (EC) + 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) electrolyte increased with an increase of the P1 of the MCMBs. This result shows that the lithium storage mechanism in this potential range is the lithium-intercalation reaction into the graphitic layers with the AB or ABC stacking. On the other hand, MCMB heat-treatment temperature (HTT) 1000~ showed much larger capacity in the range between 0.25 to 1.3 V than higher HTT MCMBs, and it is suggested the interaction among each graphite layer is weaker in nongraphitized carbon than that in well-graphitized ones.
Expanded graphite as an intercalation anode material for lithium systems
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2009
The expanded graphite (BOCHEMIE a.s., Czech Republic) was tested as the material for anodes of lithium secondary batteries. The irreversible charge was lowered and the cyclability improved if the material was annealed in CO 2. The specific capacity approached theoretical value corresponding to the composition LiC 6 .
Tin‐Containing Graphite for Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors
Batteries & Supercaps, 2020
The limited Na-storage capacity of graphite anodes for sodiumion batteries (~110 mAh g À 1) is significantly enhanced by the incorporation of nanosized Sn (17 wt%). The composite (SntGraphite), prepared by simple annealing of graphite with SnCl 2 , shows a specific capacity of 223 mAh g À 1 (at 50 mA g À 1) combined with excellent cycle life (i. e., 96 % of capacity retention after 2,200 cycles at 1 A g À 1) and initial Coulomb efficiency (90 %). The combined storage of sodium in graphite (by solvent co-intercalation) and Sn (by alloy formation) is followed by in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ electrochemical dilatometry (ECD). While the additional tin almost doubles the electrode capacity, its contribution to the electrode expansion (~3 %) is surprisingly small. The use of SntGraphite as anode for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors with activated carbon as cathode provides a maximum energy and power density of~93 Wh kg À 1 and 7.8 kW kg À 1 , with a capacity retention of~80 % after 8,000 cycles.
Preparation and Characterization of Tin/Carbon Composites for Lithium-Ion Cells
MRS Proceedings
A number of Sn/C composites were prepared for evaluation as anode materials for Li-ion cells. In one case, samples were prepared by incorporation of Sn species into organic precursors that were then pyrolyzed under an Ar/H2 cover gas to prepare the Sn/C composites. They were also prepared by decoration of various types of carbon with nanoparticles of Sn by electroless deposition using hydrazine. The carbons examined included a disordered carbon prepared in house from poly(methacrylonitrile), a mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) carbon, and a platelet graphite. The Sn/C composites were examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were also analyzed for Sn content. They were then tested as anodes in three-electrode cells against Li metal using 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solution. The best overall electrochemical performance was obtained with a Sn/C composite made by electroless deposition of 10% Sn onto platelet graphite.