Evolution of the Urban Form of Historic Hit Citadel: Deriving a Schematic Model for Iraqi Fortified Cities (original) (raw)
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Persistences and Changes in the Urban Fabric of the Old City of Aleppo
2001
The theoretical basis of this research is the widespread presence of urban fabrics deriving from domus agglomerations throughout the Mediterranean basin. The persistence of their basic characteristics, however, may be verified in only a few of the areas to which they were imported. As is well known , the Mediterranean basin is the original territorial organism of western culture. Even though there has been a constant diffusion and exchange of civil, social and architectural models throughout the Mediterranean, we usually associate the first great moment of programmed 'cultural' unification with the advent of the Roman Empire. The reorganisation of the Empire was the first and, perhaps, only operation on a vast territori al scale which used exact methods in planning road networks, territorial division and urban organisation. This programme had two different outcomes. On the one hand, the appearance of the conquered territories was altered by their division into centuries and ...
D. P. Mielke, Fortifications and Fortification Strategies of Mega-Cities in the Ancient Near East
Fortifications have always been a fundamental part of urban settlements. However, there are no specific fortification elements found exclusively in connection with mega-cities. The difference from simple fortifications lies in the fortification strategy, as reflected in the increased dimensions of the fortification elements and their multiplication. In addition, partitioning of the fortified area leads to increased complexity. However, these phenomena cannot be understood simply in terms of a typological classification. Rather, it is more appropriate to speak of emerging trends in the fortification of larger settlements.
Morphological Evolution of Urban Form Components in the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul
Oliveira V, Pinho P, Batista L, Patatas T and Monteiro C (eds.) (2014) Our common future in Urban Morphology, FEUP, Porto, 2014
"Communities transform urban spaces according to their socio-cultural structures, needs, principles and policies. This process occurs either as entirely rebuilding of the space, or as constructing the remaining with the trails left by previous societies. Thus, several cultures generate a physical and social mosaic within the same urban space over time. Certainly, the most apparent reflection of this mosaic can be observed on the morphological structure of the space. City blocks, transportation networks, open spaces, landmarks, monumental buildings and urban facilities come forward as the most prominent components through the transformation process of urban morphology. From this perspective, the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul can be defined as a unique mosaic: The reflection of the cultural features on the urban space can be seen by the variation of urban form components from Pre-Historic period to the present. The aim of this study is to evaluate how different cultures have transformed the morphology of the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul through history. Morphological structures and urban form components were analyzed through old maps in four periods: Greek, Roman, Ottoman and Republican. With the determinations obtained by mapping techniques, the transformation ratio in morphological structure has been examined comparatively via urban form components. In this context, the impact of cultures on urban morphology has also been discussed. According to the findings of the study, 16% of the components has been existed throughout all periods, 68% destroyed in the process, and the rest survived by being transformed or appeared in a certain period. Key Words: Istanbul, historical peninsula, urban history, urban morphology, urban form components "
Urban and architectural analysis
2010
The northern Syrian villages retain a strong formal expression of the nomadic Bedouin culture, which is manifested in the way the different units that shape the settlements are grouped, in the organization of the community space, in the use of housing for basic needs (sleeping, eating) and the predilection of the outer space for the remaining activities. The shape of the house that evokes a tent, and also the shape of the urban settlements, were born spontaneously and evolved over time as a response to human needs in relation to the environment; therefore, the morphology does not respond to an aesthetic factor, but to a thorough knowledge of the territory and to social and cultural needs. The urban and architectural analysis is the first approach to the research: ranging from a general to a particular scale, the urban and architectural analysis provides a primary overview of the various villages, in order to compare them and make an initial identification of the different architectu...
Spatial analysis of urban edges in Arab historic walled cities: Alexandria as a case study
Planning Perspectives, 2012
Defensive walls in historic cities represent an urban edge between the old fabric and adjacent urban growth layers. Through history, the wall functioned as a main defensive element of the city, forming an urban edge for both accessibility and socio-cultural activities. It is only comparatively recently that its function has been altered. Despite this fact, walls continue to influence the surrounding fabric and affect city inhabitants' daily life. This article aims to understand the urban edges formed by defensive walls of Arab historic walled cities in general and Alexandria City in particular. It proposes a preliminary classification framework to analyse the type of spatial configuration on both sides of the wall and their degree of interaction. The analysis focuses on the defensive wall's footprint and its cumulative effect through history on the adjacent urban fabric. A greater understanding of the impact of historic city walls on urban patterns would inform the regeneration plans of these sites and contribute to improving and sustaining their relationship with the surrounding context.
Morphological Techniques for Assessing Urban Form of Istanbul’s Historical Peninsula
2019
In this paper, the morphological transformation of historical peninsula in Istanbul is investigated. Urban form of historical peninsula evolved under the predominant influence of religion and culture; therefore, it bears this symbolic imprint. For this study, particular attention is given to Islamic social complexes and their surrounding settlements. These areas have ground and underground remains from different time periods (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Republican), which play an important role in the dominating silhouette. To the best of authors’ knowledge, it is the first attempt to analyze these study areas in terms of examining urban morphology in more detail. Urban morphology is an approach to analyze physical form of the cities, which is always transformed and developed by its inhabitants. Morphological change of region is related with social and economic context, which has a direct impact on town plan and building fabric. The study area is analyzed by adapting three differe...
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2012
The article focuses on the evaluation of architectural-urban potential of military architecture in the contemporary cityscape. Kaunas and Alytus fortresses were chosen for analysis. Evaluation of the potential was performed in two steps. The first step: potential of the locations of the former fortified objects was identified. Space syntax analysis of the axial maps of Kaunas and Alytus was used as the main tool for evaluation of the potential of sites. The second step: inner structure of the objects was analyzed on the base of the maps of convex spaces. In a result attempt to identify potential significance of the fortified objects for the city or its neighborhoods was made. On the base of analysis of convex spaces the archetypical architectural patterns for the each object were named. They can be used as a background for architectural interpretation and scenario making for utilization of the analyzed objects.
The network of fortifications in the Emirate of Sharjah
CEAMA, 22, Almeida, Portugal, 2020
THE BASES OF THE FUTURE PROJECT FOR THE MUSEUM IN THE AREA The preliminary work proposal, already accepted by the Archaeology Authority, puts forward the very punctual restoration of the structures of the old fortress, almost only in the consolidation area, since the new fortress built two hundred meters away was, however, completely rebuilt, as were the old residential structures of the nearby fishing district. The ensemble will be equipped with an interpretation centre and a museum centre, next to the old fortress occupied by the Portuguese, where the material exhumed there will be presented to the public and, using multimedia and other processes, the context for the development of the demographic nucleus of Kalba will be presented, which justified the construction of several fortified structures throughout its history. A garden with a grove of palm trees will connect both fortified structures.