Cured Poly(ethylene-g-maleic anhydride)/Graphene Nanocomposite: Properties and Characterization (original) (raw)
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Leather and Footwear Journal, 2018
This paper presents the development of bipolymer nanopolymers-polyamide and polyethylene-compatibilised with polyethylenegraft-maleic anhydride and graphite nanoparticles. Polyamide/polyethylene (PA/PE) composites are studied because both components are relatively inexpensive, advantageous and are processed by injection. Compatibilisation of binary polymer compounds can be accomplished by adding a grafted copolymer, the segments of which have physical or chemical affinity with the two immiscible homopolymers. In this case, polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was used. Graphite-containing polymer composites are considered a new generation of materials with predefined properties, in this case, resistance to impact. The combined effects of graphite and compatibilizing polymer (PE-g-MA) were studied on the structure and properties of the new materials. The tested nanocomposites were characterized morpho-structurally (SEM, FT-IR spectrometry) and physico-mechanically. KEY WORDS: nanocomposites, compatibiliser, graphite, morpho-strucutral characterisation, bipolymer NANOCOMPOZITE POLIAMIDĂ/POLIETILENĂ/GRAFIT: REALIZARE ŞI CARACTERIZARE MORFO-STRUCTURALĂ ŞI FIZICO-MECANICĂ REZUMAT. În această lucrare se prezintă realizarea unor nanocompozite bipolimerice-poliamidă şi polietilenă-compatibilizate cu polietilenă grefată cu anhidridă maleică şi nanoparticule de grafit. Compozitele din poliamidă/polietilenă (PA/PE) sunt studiate deoarece ambele componente sunt relativ ieftine, cu proprietăţi avantajoase şi sunt prelucrate prin injecţie. Compatibilizarea compuşilor polimeri binari poate fi realizată prin adăugarea unui copolimer grefat, ale cărui segmente au afinitate fizică sau chimică cu cei doi homopolimeri imiscibili. În acest caz, s-a utilizat polietilenă grefată cu anhidridă maleică (PE-g-MA). Compozitele polimere conţinând grafit sunt considerate o nouă generaţie de materiale cu proprietăţi prestabilite, în acest caz de rezistenţă la impact. Au fost studiate efectele combinate ale grafitului şi polimerul compatibilizator (PE-g-MA) asupra structurii şi proprietăţilor materialelor noi experimentate. Nanocompozitele experimentate au fost caracterizate morfo-structural (SEM, spectrometrie FT-IR) şi fizico-mecanic. CUVINTE CHEIE: nanocompozite, compatibilizator, grafit, caracterizare morfo-structurală, bipolimer NANOCOMPOSITES POLYAMIDE/POLYÉTHYLÈNE/GRAPHITE: RÉALISATION ET CARACTÉRISATION MORPHO-STRUCTURELLE ET PHYSICO-MECANIQUE RÉSUMÉ. Dans cet article on présente la réalisation des nanopcomposites bipolymères-polyamide et polyéthylène-compatibilisés avec le polyéthylène greffé avec de l'anhydride maléique et des nanoparticules de graphite. Les composites polyamide/polyéthylène (PA/PE) sont étudiés car les deux composants sont relativement peu coûteux, avantageux et sont traités par injection. La compatibilité des composés polymères binaires peut être réalisée en ajoutant un copolymère greffé dont les segments ont une affinité physique ou chimique avec les deux homopolymères non miscibles. Dans ce cas, du polyéthylène greffé de l'anhydride maléique (PE-g-MA) a été utilisé. Les composites contenant des graphites contenant des polymères sont considérés comme une nouvelle génération de matériaux aux propriétés prédéfinies, dans ce cas la résistance aux chocs. Les effets combinés du graphite et du polymère compatibilisant (PE-g-MA) ont été étudiés sur la structure et les propriétés des nouveaux matériaux expérimentaux. Les nanocomposites expérimentaux ont été caractérisés du point de vue morphostructurel (MEB, spectrométrie FT-IR) et physico-mécanique.
Colloid and Polymer Science, 2016
Three different polyethylene samples (molecular weights PE1 < PE2 < PE3) were synthesized using coordination polymerization, in order to study the effect of the variation in molecular weight on the properties of the nanocomposites, using thermally reduced graphene as filler. The polymer samples had similar crystal structure but had 61, 56, and 52 % degree of crystallinity respectively. For PE1, the degree of crystallinity enhanced on adding 2 and 4 % graphene due to nucleation induced by the graphene nanoplatelets; however, the crystallinity was observed to decrease in PE2 and PE3. Peak melting points also exhibited similar trend, although the overall change was limited to 3-4°C. The filler was observed to be in the form of stacks with few platelets distributed uniformly in the matrices, and the degree of dispersion was better in PE1 composites. Due to efficient heat transfer to the filler platelets owing to their better dispersion in PE1, the highest extent of improvement in the initiation of degradation temperatures was observed. PE1 composite with 4 % filler fraction was observed to be have initiation delayed by ∼40°C as compared to pure polymer. Due to the higher degree of crystallinity, PE1 had higher tensile modulus of 1334 MPa, which was improved to maximum extent of 35 % in the composite with 4 % filler content. Thus, the mechanical properties were enhanced due to combination of crystallinity and filler effect. The peak stress as well as elongation of the composites was improved in most cases as compared to pure polymers. The high temperature modulus of the composites was also improved on addition of graphene, with PE1 composites exhibiting the highest magnitude of modulus. The PE1 composites also exhibited lowest melt viscosity among the composites probably due to the lower degree of entanglements, which indicated ease of processing similar to the pure polymer.
Polymers
Over the last few decades, processing and compatibility have become challenging and interesting investigation areas of polymer matrix nanocomposites. This study investigated the addition of maleic anhydride (MAH) at different ratios with graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in poly(lactic acid)/modified natural rubber/polyaniline/GnP (PLA/m-NR/PANI/GnP) nanocomposites via two processing methods: a two-step technique and a one-pot technique. The former technique involved first preparing a master batch of PLA grafted with MAH, followed by a second step involving the melt blending of the nanocomposite (T1) using MAH-g-PLA. On the other hand, the one-pot technique involved the direct mixing of MAH during the melt-blending process (T2). The mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of the prepared nanocomposites were investigated. The findings showed that adding MAH significantly improved the tensile strength and elongation at break by about 25% for PLA/m-NR/PANi/GnP nanocomposites, with...
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 2020
This paper reports the effects of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP on tensile stress of various PLA/PP weight ratio. The PLA/PP blends prepared with the ratio 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10 with the addition of PP-g-MA (1 to 5 phr) and GNP (1 to 3 phr) by using an injection molding machine. The tensile stress (MPa) was analyzed based on 11 runs of full factorial design. The results showed that the tensile stress of PLA/PP blends gradually increased after the addition of PP-g-MA and GNP. There is a relationship between PP-g-MA and GNP which causes a positive impact on the mechanical properties of PLA/PP blends. The optimum tensile stress of 50.06 MPa achieved at the ratio of 90/10 blends with 5 phr of PP-g-MA and 3 phr of GNP.
Applied Clay Science, 2017
Since the last decade, graphene nanoplatelets with their exceptional physical properties are used as fillers in thermoplastic blends. In this work, the influence of commercial graphene nanoplatelets on properties of a high density polyethylene, in solid and melt states, was investigated, in comparison with the one of organically modified montmorillonite fillers. The use of a compatibilizer, a maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene, led to a clay based nanocomposite, with some improved mechanical and rheological properties, but with disappointing mechanical properties at break. On the other hand, by reducing the viscosity during mixing, the added compatibilizer slightly lowered the degree of dispersion of high aspect ratio graphene particles, weakening the material. More interestingly, the nanocomposite constituted with both clay nanoplatelets and lamellar graphene particles exhibited better reinforcing characteristics, in melt and solid states. This result can be partially explained by the high viscosity of the clay based nanocomposite which helps in the separation of graphene particles during mixing.
Applied Clay Science, 2017
In this work, clay polymer nanocomposites (CPN) with simultaneous dispersion of graphene and organomontmorillonites (OMt) in a poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) biodegradable matrix were prepared, using the melt-blending technique. Two different OMt were used non polar Cloisite15A and polar Cloisite30B with a composition of 3 mass% as well as epoxy functionalized graphene (EFG) with different compositions (1, 3, 5 mass%). The morphology and thermal properties of OMt/PBAT, EFG/PBAT and OMt-EFG/ PBAT nanocomposites were studied. A compatibilizing agent (PBATgMA) was elaborated by grafting maleic anhydride on PBAT chains. The effect of incorporation of this compatibilizer on the different nanofillers dispersion in PBAT matrix was studied. The structure of the nanofillers/PBAT nanocomposites was examined using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The co-addition of EFG with OMt allowed a better dispersion of these nanofillers and more intercalated structures were obtained. The rheological results showed an increase of the storage modulus G′ in the different nanofillers/PBAT nanocomposites, particularly after the co-addition of OMt and EFG. The thermal properties evaluated by TGA were sensibly improved by the association of these nanofillers. From all these results, it can be speculated that a synergism phenomenon between graphene and OMt was produced in the PBAT matrix. However, this phenomenon was reduced after the addition of PBATgMA compatibilizer, probably because of repulsive interactions were produced between this compatibilizing agent and the epoxy functionalized graphene.
Polyamide/Polypropylene/Graphite Nanocomposites with Functional Compatibilizers
The International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, 2018
Bipolymeric composites are widely used to make new materials with predefined properties. Polyamide / Polypropylene (PA/PP) based compounds are often subjects of research because both components are relatively cheap, have useful and good properties, and can be processed by melt blending and extrusion-injection technologies, which are time-saving and environment-friendly technologies due to the possibility of reusing the material. Compatibility of binary polymeric compounds can be accomplished by adding a grafted copolymer, the segments of which have physical or chemical affinity with the two immiscible homopolymers. In this paper, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) was used. Composites having nanofiller are considered as a new generation of composite materials due to their unique properties. To increase the impact resistance of polymer composites (PA / PP-g-MA / PP) dispersion of graphite nanoparticles (nanoG) in polymeric mass was achieved. In addition to the PA / PP-g-MA / PP / nanoG bipolymer nanocomposite obtaining methodology, the combined effects of graphite treatment and compatibiliser polymer (PP-g-MA) on the structure and properties of the composites were studied. A number of optimal receptions have been developed in different technological conditions. Experimental composites have been physico-mechanically characterized by standardized methods specific to plastics and microscopic analysis-SEM.
Polymer Engineering & Science, 2017
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of various sizes were mixed with polypropylene (PP) in an internal mixer to prepare composites. The effects of mixing conditions, GNP size and concentration in composites were investigated. The composites were characterized at different scales, using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and rheometry. It was shown that the PP/ GNP composites had to be considered as nonintercalated and non-exfoliated microcomposites. However, the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the PP/GNP microcomposites were improved with respect to that of the matrix and similar to those of thermoplastic/organoclay or reduced graphene nanocomposites. In the best cases, storage modulus plateau in the glassy domain was increased by 30% and onset of degradation temperature by 408C. Finally, in the investigated range of this study, the mixing conditions applied in the internal mixer did not affect the structural and rheological properties of the PP/GNP composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI.,
Polymer - graphene nanocomposites: effect of polymer matrix and filler amount on properties
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2015
Nanocomposites of high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) with thermally reduced graphene were generated by melt mixing. The HDPE nanocomposites had increment in the tensile (>50%) and storage modulus as a function of filler fraction. LLDPE had the highest enhancements of %100% in tensile modulus, 60% in break stress and 30% in tensile stress. PS exhibited least extent of property improvement, though the absolute modulus and strength were the highest for PS nanocomposites indicating the final properties of nanocomposites result from a combination of factors like polarity match between polymer and filler, processing conditions and physical properties of the polymer matrix.