Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil Around Semi Urban Petrol Stations and Automobile Mechanic WorkshopsAssessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil Around Semi Urban Petrol Stations and Automobile Mechanic Workshops (original) (raw)
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Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Roadside Soil Samples: A Review
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2014
Diverse contaminants released into the environment through progress of urbanization and industrialization adversely affect human health. Among various sources of contaminants, especially, in big cities, automobiles play a significant role in aggravating the pollution. Various pollutants viz., heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Hg, Cd) and Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Benzo-apyrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo-b-anthracene, benzo-bfluoranthene, acenaphthylene, fluorine, phenantherene, anthracene, chrysene, benzo-k-fluoranthene, benzo-e-pyrene, indenol-1,2,3-cdpyrene, dibenzo-a,h-anthracene, benzo-ghi-perylene) are released by vehicles. Further, these pollutants are expected to cause severe mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Considering this, many authors monitored the levels of pollution in roadside soil, water and plants. The present review focuses upon the analysis and effects of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the roadside samples.
Journal of environment pollution and human health, 2016
The study aimed to assess soil contamination with mono-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in residential areas situated close to (1-20m range) fuel filling stations in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study involved a laboratory based analysis of soil samples collected in the neighbourhood of five fuel filling stations systematically selected during the study. Two local government areas were randomly selected for the study, they were split into five natural clusters and soil samples were purposively collected from the neighbourhood of one fueling station per cluster. Topsoil (0-15cm deep) and subsoil (15-30cm deep) samples were collected at 5m, 10m, and 20m intervals away from the fuel filling stations. Samples were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, lead, and chromium using standard methods. Results were compared with Canadian and United Kingdom standards. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and were compared with the Canadian (monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) soil quality guideline limit for human health and the UK heavy metal guideline limit for soil in residential areas. Apart from xylene, the mean concentration of benzene, toluene, and ethyl-benzene were approximately 600 times higher than the Canadian limit both for topsoil and subsoil. Fortunately, mean concentrations of lead and chromium in all soil samples were insignificant compared with the UK limit. The study showed that there is contamination of the soil in the study area with some monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons namely benzene, toluene, and ethyl-benzene while there are no potential threats with regards to heavy metal contamination.
Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology
The level of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined from agricultural soil collected in Kubanni area of Zaria using standard methods. The result mean±SD of the heavy metals in the five study locations; (KP1- KP3) ranges from 4.05±0.18-1.25±0.32 for Lead, 4.43±0.11-0.03±0.01 for Cadmium,4.30±0.14 - 0.13±0.08 for Chromium, 3.32±0.25-1.03±0.13 for copper. And 1.80±0.01- 0.02±0.01 for Zinc. The results of the persistent organic pollutants in the five study locations KP1- KP3 showed the mean range (±SD) concentrations from7.08±0.02-0.13±0.01 (naphthalene), 7.00±0.08 - 0.02±0.01 (anthracene) and 7.31±0.21 - 0.02±0.01 (phenanthrene). There was appreciable number of heavy metals and PAH in the study area even though it was found to be below the permissible level set by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) in most of the locations. There is the tendency of these ...
2021
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly teratogenic, persistent, carcinogenic, and ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They present potential threats to the ecological environment and human health. Nine composite soil samples (three from each town) were collected at a depth of 0 – 30 cm using soil auger from the vicinity of selected petrol handling facilities (petrol stations) within three major towns in Kogi State-Nigeria, between September and October, 2020. The samples were analyzed for concentrations, distribution, sources and toxic potentials of emission of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), since no such comprehensive study had been conducted in the area. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑PAHs) in soil samples from the vicinity of nine petrol stations within three major towns in Kogi State-Nigeria ranged from 2.66 to 5.64 μg/kg at Ankpa, 1.58 to 7.58 μg/ kg at Anyigba and 3.72 to 4.98 μg/kg at Idah, with an average of 4.03 μg/kg. Lower mo...
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, 2016
Soil samples were collected at different locations in the vicinity of an industrial estate in Sango-Ota Ogun State, Nigeria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detector (FID). The total concentration of thirteen PAHs ranged from 3.33 mg/kg to 34.00 mg/kg. The highest concentration of total PAHs was observed from sampling point Q, while the lowest concentration (3.33 mg/kg) was found in soil sample S. No value was recorded for samples H, J and M. The PAHs ratio was also calculated to know the source(s) of the pollution. Phen/An, Flu/Pyr, An/(Phen+An), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), BaA/(BaA+Chry). BaA/Chry ratios ranged from 0.00 -1.09,0.35 -1.02, 0.48-1.00, 0.26 -1.00, 0.00 -0.81 and 0.00 -3.38, respectively. The calculated ratios showed that the source of pollution is majorly pyrogenic with minor contribution from petrogenic source which might have occurred as a result of industrial...
SN applied sciences, 2019
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are very toxic and persistent environmental contaminants. The paper is aimed at investigating the PAHs levels in soil collected at 0-30 cm depths from 5 automobile repair workshops within Eket metropolis/the underground water around its vicinity. The soils and water were prepared in the laboratory following standard procedures and were analysed for 16 US EPA priority PAHs using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Total PAHs concentrations in soil (Ʃ16 EPA PAHs) from all sampling sites were in the range of 0.82-12.98 mg/ kg and 0.47-14.85 mg/kg for both dry and rainy seasons respectively and did not follow regular pattern with depth. Total PAHs concentrations in underground water from all sampling sites were in the range of 1.71-16.07 mg/l and 1.07-12.97 mg/l for both dry and rainy seasons respectively. According to European commission contamination classification and WHO maximum permissible limit for PAHs in drinking water (0.002 mg/l), the sites are said to be moderately to heavily contaminated. The total BaPeq for the soil and water samples indicated a moderate carcinogenic burden and hence low health risk. The calculated values obtained from diagnostic ratios shows that the PAHs in this study were from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The correlation between total PAHs concentration in soil and water for both seasons indicated that the automobile repair activities had a moderate effect on the soil as well as the underground water around it. Therefore, boreholes should not be sited close to automobile repair yards to enable its suitability for domestic, irrigation and recreational usage.
Soil & Sediment Contamination, 2011
Petroleum products are one of the major sources of energy for industry and daily life. Growth of the petroleum industry and shipping of petroleum products has resulted in the pollution. Populations living in the vicinity of oil refinery waste sites may be at greater risk of potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) through inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with contaminated media. PAH have often been found to coexist with environmental pollutants including heavy metals due to similar pollution sources. The levels and distribution patterns of Σ16 PAH (sum of the 16 PAH) and heavy metals (lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and chromium) were determined in soil and sediment in the vicinity (5 km radius) of an oil refinery in India. Concentrations of Σ16 PAH in the soils and sediments were found to be 60.36 and 241.23 ppm, respectively. Higher amount of PAH in sediments as compared to soil is due to low water solubility of PAH, settled in the bottom of aquatic bodies. The levels of lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and chromium (total) in soil were 12.52, 13.52, 18.78, 4.84, and 8.29 ppm, while the concentrations of these metals in sediments were 16.38, 47.88, 50.15, 7.07, and 13.25 ppm, respectively. Molecular diagnostics indices of PAH (Ratio of Phenanthrene/Anthracene, Fluranthene/Pyrene) calculated for soil and sediment samples indicate that the oil refinery environment is contaminated with PAH from petrogenic as well as pyrolytic origin and heavy vehicular traffic on the Agra- Delhi National highway. Sixteen PAH priority pollutants were detected in the United States in entire samples collected near oil refinery areas and concentrations of Σ16 PAH in soil was found to be 1.20 times higher than the threshold value for PAH in soil by ICRCL (Inter-Departmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land). This concentration could lead to disastrous consequences for the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem and may affect the soil quality, thus impairing plant growth and its bioaccumulation in food chain.
Evaluation of heavy metal and total petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of roadside surface soil
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2016
The concentrations and compositional patterns of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface soils of an urban environment in the Niger Delta of Nigeria with a view to providing information on the sources, extent of contamination and human health risks of PAHs in these soils. The analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction of the soils with hexane/dichloromethane and clean-up of the extracts. The concentration of ∑16 PAHs in the urban soils ranged from 188 to 684 μg kg-1 , while the ∑PAH 7c (carcinogenic PAHs) ranged from 28.5 and 571 μg kg-1. The estimated carcinogenic and mutagenic potency factors for these sites ranged from 2.34 to 197 and 9.66 to 195 μg kg-1 respectively. The composition of PAHs in these soils follows the order: 5-rings>4-rings>3-rings>6-rings>2-rings, and higher molecular weight PAHs accounted for a significant proportion of the ∑16 PAH concentration in this study. The results indicated that there is a high potential risk of cancer development as a result of exposure of PAHs via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. The diagnostic ratios indicate that the PAHs in these soils originated mainly from pyrogenic processes, such as combustion of petroleum, fossil fuels and biomass such as woods, charcoal straw and grasses. The results of this study provided information on the concentrations and compositional patterns of PAHs, which is useful in understanding the effects, sources, fate and transport of PAHs in soils, as well as environmental quality management and environmental forensic studies.
Asian Journal of Biology
The study was undertaken to determine the levels of 16 priority PAHs in soil and sediments from some vicinities of Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin. The soils were prepared using standard procedure in the laboratory and analyzed for 16 US EPA priority PAHs using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The soil samples were obtained from two sampling sites at Ikot Akpaden (Site A and C). Site C showed minimal PAHs concentration while site A recorded PAHs levels ranging from 0.01 to 4.25 mg/kg. According to European commission, the PAHs concentrations in soil samples of this study are moderate, but deleterious over time. The soils were negatively affected more with low molecular weight PAHs than High Molecular Weight PAHs.This study revealed that the sampling sites had low carcinogenic burden, hence would exhibit moderate adverse health effects to plants and animals. It was concluded that automobile repair activities in site A contributed to the soil contamination with PAHs; hence ...