Determination of Heavy Metals in Henna Leaves and Cosmetic Henna Products Available in Zliten, Libya (original) (raw)
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https://ijshr.com/IJSHR\_Vol.5\_Issue.4\_Oct2020/IJSHR\_Abstract.0041.html, 2020
Henna painting is an art of beautification which is commonly practised by the people of Lamu County. In Lamu, henna products are sold either in powdered or paste form of different colours. However, henna user sometimes faces adverse skin reactions arising from heavy metal content of the henna products. Such metals include lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) which are toxic to both users and the environment. The level of these metals in henna products sold within Lamu County is not known. The aim of the study therefore, was to determine the level of Pb, Cd and Ni in henna cosmetic sold within Lamu County so as to assess their safety levels with respect to the standard limits. A total of 60 powdered and paste henna products from various brands were randomly selected and analyzed for heavy metals using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) after acid digestion of the samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyse the data. The lowest and highest mean levels (ppm) of heavy metals in the two categories of henna products were as follows: Powdered henna products: Pb (0.16±0.01 to 2.63±0.24), Cd (0.01±0.00 to 1.23±0.03) and Ni (0.13±0.01 to 2.73±0.09).Paste henna products: Pb (0.56±0.06 to 1.32±0.04), Cd (0.02±0.00 to 1.31±0.01) and Ni (0.14±0.02 to 3.01±0.09).Comparatively, no significant difference in the level of lead(p=0.065) and cadmium(p=0.577) was noted inpaste and powdered henna brands. However, a significant difference in the level of nickel (p=0.021) was recorded in the two categories of henna. One of the paste black henna product (PABL) recorded the highest level of nickel at a concentration of 3.01±0.01ppm. Generally, the powdered henna products recorded an overall mean level of Cd and Pb below the limit of 2 ppm by KeBS as well as Ni below the limit of 1 ppm by Health Canada, hence the products are recommended for use. However, the overall mean level of Ni in paste henna products was above the recommended limit of 1 ppm by Health Canada, hence such products should not be used frequently since they expose the henna users to the toxic effects of Ni. The results of the study can be used to create awareness on the need to adopt good manufacturing practice so as to protect the henna users and the environment from the harmful effects of heavy metals. In addition, the henna users can be sensitized on the high level of exposure to heavy metals in various categories and colours of henna products with respect to the set limit by standard bodies.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Henna and walnut tree bark are widely used by Libyan women as cosmetics. They may contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which, in turn, pose a high risk to their health. This study aims to determine the levels of Pb, Cd and As in henna and walnut tree bark products sold in Libyan markets. The products were analyzed for their Pb, Cd and As content by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after a microwave acid digestion. The results showed a significant difference between the henna and walnut tree bark samples in terms of their heavy metals content (p < 0.05). The highest heavy metal concentrations were observed in the walnut tree bark samples whereas the lowest was observed in the henna samples. In addition, 60% of the henna and 90% of the walnut tree bark samples contained Pb levels and approximately 80% of the henna and 90% the walnut tree bark samples contained Cd levels, which are much higher than the tolerance limit. However, As concentratio...
Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023
Heavy metals and trace elements such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (Ar), nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Mg), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) are detected in various types of herbal cosmetics. Heavy metals and elements can accumulate at high concentrations causing serious risks to human health when consumed. In this study, the levels of potential heavy metals of Pb, Ar, Cd, and Ni were quantitatively determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Samples of Henna leaves, Henna paste, Khol stones and baby Talcum powder were collected randomly from different public markets of Tripoli city. The results were evaluated by using different international guidelines, US-FDA, EU regulation, German (BVL), World Health Organization (WHO) and Canadian Guidelines. Because of controversial global guidelines, the study urgent the ultimate need for setting up harmonized minimum levels of heavy metals in cosmetics that could be applicable worldwide. Generally, the presence of a higher concentration of some of the studied heavy metals was observed, and the effect of these heavy metals at higher levels will be more harmful to consumer health after prolonged usage. In conclusion, nationally, the need for developing and updating the national specification for cosmetics by the Libyan National Centre for Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM) to protect consumers from more catastrophic cosmetic hazards is urgently required.
https://ijshr.com/IJSHR\_Vol.5\_Issue.4\_Oct2020/IJSHR\_Abstract.0022.html, 2020
Henna plant scientifically known as Lawsonia inermis is an ethno botanical plant used majorly for preparation of dye called henna. The plant contains a pigment called Laws one which makes it suitable for preparation of henna used in painting or beautification of body parts. Henna painting of body parts is an art of beautification which is commonly practised by the people of Lamu County and other parts of the world. However, high levels of toxic heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Nikel (Ni) commonly found in henna products pose health threat to users. One of the sources of heavy metals in cosmetic henna products is the henna leaves. The aim of the study was to determine the level of heavy metals; Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) in henna leaves within Lamu County in order to assess their suitability as raw material for henna products with respect to the international standard limits. A total of 60 henna leaf samples were randomly selected from Mpeketoni, Amu, Pate and Kiunga sampling sites within Lamu County and analysed for heavy metals using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) after acid digestion of the samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyse the data. The least and highest mean levels (ppm) of heavy metals in the henna leaf samples were as follows: Pb (0.04±0.01 to 0.93±0.04), Cd (0.01±0.00 to 0.09±0.01) and Ni (0.01±0.00 to 0.34±0.02). The pattern of overall mean level of heavy metal accumulation in the henna leaves followed the order: Pb > Ni > Cd. No significant difference in the overall mean level of lead (p=0.155), cadmium (p=0.577) and nickel (p=0.355) in the henna leaves was noted. Among all the sampling sites, a significant difference in the level of nickel (p=0.021) was recorded only within Mpeketoni site. From the results of the study, it showed that henna leaves from Lamu County formed a good raw material for henna products due to their low level of lead, cadmium and nickel in comparison to the standard limits by WHO. Effective quality control measures, proper selection of raw material as well as good manufacturing practises should be enhanced so as to minimise the levels of these metals in henna products.
Determination Of Some Heavy Metals In Selected Cosmetic Products Sold At Iraqi Markets
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The content of arsenic, lead and cadmium in different items of cosmetics was estimated using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty samples with four brands (lipstick, foundation, eyeliner and eyeshadow) were chosen from cosmetic stores in Anbar, Iraq. After they have been analyzed, The results revealed that the level of lead in the lipstick, foundation, eyeliner and eyeshadow was within the range of 3.16 9.47 , 1.05 – 9.47 , 3.16 – 8.00 and 6.84 – 9.68 μg.g-1 , respectively. The content of lead and cadmium in items used is lower than the permissible limits according to a health Canada establishment. While the arsenic concentration in all items used in this study is higher than the permissible limits according to a health Canada establishment.
Assessments of toxic heavy metals contamination in cosmetic products
Environmental Forensics, 2018
It has been shown that heavy metals toxicity to humans is as a result of long term or high level exposure to pollutants common in the environment including the air, water, food and numerous consumer products such as the cosmetics and toiletries. In this study, we assessed the levels of toxic metals in different cosmetic products sold at local shops in Lagos, Nigeria. The cosmetic items included thirty creams and twenty lipsticks and lip glosses. These items were purchased from various shops at different locations in Lagos. The cosmetics were analyzed for heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and nickel) after digestion with concentrated acids HNO 3 : H 2 SO 4 : HClO 4 in ratio 2:2:1. The concentrations of the selected toxic heavy metals were determined in duplicate using a Buck 205 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All the samples analyzed contained a detectable amount of all the metals of interest. The concentration of the heavy metals in the samples ranged from 0.006 to 0.207 ppm. It is obvious from the present study that the use of some cosmetic products exposes users to low concentrations of toxic heavy metals which could constitute potential health risk to users since it has been known that heavy metals can accumulate in the biological system over time and are known to induce skin problems or diseases such as cancer. Further research to better understand the sources of heavy metals in cosmetic products is recommended.
Health risk assessment of the concentration of trace elements in cosmetic products in Sanandaj, Iran
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This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the commonly used cosmetic products such as eyeshadows, eyeliners, and skin whitening creams in markets of Sanandaj city, Iran in 2014. In this study, 60 samples comprising of three different types of eyeshadows, eyeliners, and skin whitening creams were purchased randomly from different cosmetic shops in Sanandaj city. The cosmetic product samples were digested using wet digestion method. Trace elements were assayed using an ICP-OES. According to the results, Ag and Fe were the trace elements with the lowest and highest concentration in the three brands, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that eyeshadow contains the highest (except Ag and Cd) concentrations of trace elements. On the other hand, the levels of HQ for trace elements in the cosmetic products decreased in the following order: Zn > Cr > Cd > Fe > Cu > Ag > Ni > Pb. The trace element concentrations in the three brands of cosmetic products in our research were lower than the international standards and similar to those reported from researchers in different parts of Iran, but according to the accumulation and toxicity of these trace elements in the human body, they require periodic monitoring.
The study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal content in fifteen (n = 15) cosmetics products both imported and locally manufactured by unauthorized company marketed at district Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. An analytical test was performed for eight metals in cosmetics products using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The overall mean (n = 15) concentration for each heavy metal was analyzed i.e. Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn were 141.6 ± 0.016, 0.238 ± 0.001, 26.62 ± 0.012, 0.527 ± 0.002, 860.8 ± 0.061, 0.074 ± 0.002, 0.674 ± 0.002 and 268.6 ± 0.086 lg/g, respectively. The results of our study revealed that the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu in the samples within each class under investigation were higher. It also emphasize that the spurious nature of these products cannot be ignored because most of the developing and under developed countries are facing the problems to manufacture good cosmetics products. Hence, are selling these products under the brand name of well reputed national and international companies. Since no safe limit relating to cosmetic products is available in Pakistan, it is therefore difficult to ascertain if the values of metals obtained in this study are too high or low. Prolonged use of such products containing these elements may pose threat to human health and could curb the beauty of the environment. ª 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013
This study aims to investigate the content of lead and cadmium in most frequently used brands of cosmetic products (lipstick and eye shadow) in Iran. Fifty samples of lipstick (5 colors in 7 brands) and eye shadow (3 colors in 5 brands) were selected taken from large cosmetic stores in Isfahan (Iran) and lead and cadmium of them were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of lead and cadmium in the lipsticks was within the range of 0.08-5.2 g/g and 4.08-60.20 g/g, respectively. The eye shadow samples had a lead level of 0.85-6.90 g/g and a cadmium level of 1.54-55.59 g/g. The content range of the heavy metals in the eye shadows was higher than that of the lipsticks. There was significant difference between the average of the lead content in the different brands of the lipsticks and eye shadows. Thus, the continuous use of these cosmetics can increase the absorption of heavy metals, especially Cd and Pb, in the body when swallowing lipsticks or through dermal cosmetic absorption. The effects of heavy metals such as lead can be harmful, especially for pregnant women and children. Therefore, effort must be made to inform the users and the general public about the harmful consequences of cosmetics.
Toxic elements determination in selected cosmetic products: Health risk assessment
Research Square (Research Square), 2023
The aim of this research was to determine the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in selected lipsticks and face foundations of different countries of origin and price categories, as well as the assessment of health risk associated with these metals via dermal and oral exposure. The samples were prepared by acid digestion and then analyzed by ame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS)-Cd, Pb and Ni and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS)-As. Arsenic was found in 50% of lipstick samples and in only two face foundation samples with the highest concentration of 0.28 mg/kg in the lipstick sample, the lead concentration was in the range of 1.15 to 5.12 mg/kg in ten samples. Nickel was found in ve samples out of 20, with the highest concentration of 4.20 mg/kg. Cadmium was found in only one face foundation sample in the cheaper price range (1.11 mg/kg). The obtained results indicate that concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Ni were within the permissible limits according to Serbian legislation. Health risk associated with these elements was assessed as noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Obtained hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard indexes (HIs) were below 1, indicating the absence of signi cant non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to these TEs. The carcinogenic risk results show that investigated cosmetic products can be considered low-risky due to the possibility of causing malignant disease.