Mediterranean agro-industrial wastes as valuable substrates for lignocellulolytic enzymes and protein production by solid-state fermentation (original) (raw)
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Wastes from olive oil and wine industries (as exhausted grape mark, vineshoot trimmings, two-phase olive mill waste, vinasses and olive mill wastewater were evaluated for lignocellulolytic enzymes production (as cellulases, xylanases and feruloyl esterases) by solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ibericus and Aspergillus japonicus. To study the effect of different substrates in enzymes production a Plackett-Burman experimental design was presented. The variables that had a higher positive effect in lignocellulolytic enzymes were urea, time and exhausted grape mark. The mixture of twophase olive mill waste with exhausted grape mark and vineshoot trimmings had maxima activity of cellulases, xylanases and feruloyl esterases.
Molecules
A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries. The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems. Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials. This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies. Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste. Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products. Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings th...
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015
Wineries and olive oil industries are dominant agro-industrial activities in southern European regions. Olive pomace, exhausted grape marc and vine shoot trimmings are lignocellulosic residues generated by these industries, which could be valued biotechnologically. In the present work these residues were used as substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases through solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus uvarum. For that, two factorial designs (32) were first planned to optimize substrate composition, temperature and initial moisture level. Subsequently, the kinectics of cellulolytic enzymes production, fungal growth and fermented solid were characterized, Finally, the process was performed in a packed-bed bioreactor. The results showed that cellulase activity improved with the optimization processes, reaching 33.56 U/g, and with the packed-bed bioreactor aeration of 0.2 L/min, reaching 38.51 U/g. The composition of fermented solids indicated their potential use for animal feed b...
Production of cellulase and xylanase using food waste by solid-state fermentation 2
2017
Fifteen fungal strains were compared with regards to their ability to produce cellulase and xylanase from food waste by solid-state fermentation (SSF). The fungi were isolated from six different types of composts and they were identified based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence data. The Congo red test was performed for the preliminary screening of fungi for cellulase and xylanase production. After the initial screening, the fungi that showed cellulase and xylanase producing ability were further tested on the enzymatic activities in food waste through solid-state fermentation. The effects of different parameters including moisture content of the substrate, incubation temperature, inoculum level, and incubation period on cellulase and xylanase production were also evaluated. Preliminary results indicated that all the fungi, except for strain F1-20-35A, had cellulase and xylanase production activities. During SSF process, the strain F2-20-44A showed the highest level of extracellular cellulase and xylanase activities, which is 17.37 ± 3.76 U/g ds and 189.24 ± 2.96 U/g ds, respectively. Moreover, treatment with the strain at normal moisture content (77.67%), 0.5 mL inoculum level at 25 ℃ incubation temperature for 6 days were the most efficient conditions for cellulase and xylanase production (28.81 ± 0.67 U/g ds and 213.47 ± 10.66 U/g ds, respectively), which was later identified within the Genus Aspergillus. This study demonstrated that strain Aspergillus niger can be used potentially for enzyme production and proposes a new and economical method to produce high value enzymes with food waste by SSF, which could potentially alleviate environmental issues caused by food waste.
Energies, 2021
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG), the solid residue of beer production, is attracting significant attention as raw material for the production of added value substances, since until recently it was mainly used as animal feed or deposited in landfills, causing serious environmental problems. Therefore, this work aimed at developing a bioprocess using BSG as a substrate for the production of cellulases and xylanases for waste saccharification and bioenergy production. Different fungi were analyzed for their cellulolytic and xylanolytic abilities, through a first screening on solid media by assessment of fungal growth and enzyme production on agar containing carboxylmethylcellulose or xylan as the sole carbon source, respectively. The best cellulase and xylanase producers were subjected to quantitative evaluation of enzyme production in liquid cultures. Aspergillus niger LPB-334 was selected for its ability to produce cellulase and xylanase at high levels and it was cultivated on BSG by soli...
Bioresource Technology, 2008
Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus species from various origins were compared for the Wrst time for their ability to produce lignocellulolytic enzyme in solid-state (SSF) and submerged (SF) fermentation of various plant raw material. Fungi cultivation in identical culture conditions revealed wide diVerences among both species and strains of the same species. The yields of CMCase (62.3 U ml ¡1 ), xylanase (84.1 U ml ¡1 ), FPA (5.9 U ml ¡1 ), and laccase (4103 U l ¡1 ) are the best so far obtained with the strains of oyster mushrooms. The study pointed out that the nature of lignocellulosic material and the method of fungi cultivation are factors determining the expression of lignocellulolytic potential of fungi as well as the ratio of individual enzymes in enzyme complex. SSF of tree leaves is favorable for laccase and MnP secretion by the majority L. edodes and Pleurotus strains, whereas SF provides better production of hydrolytic enzymes.
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2013
Wastes from olive oil and wine industries (as exhausted grape marc, vineshoot trimmings, two-phase olive mill waste, vinasses, and olive mill wastewater) were evaluated for lignocellulolytic enzyme production (as endocellulases, endoxylanases, and feruloyl esterases) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ibericus, and Aspergillus uvarum. To study the effect of different solid medium composition and time in enzyme production, a Plackett-Burman experimental design was used. Variables that had a higher positive effect in lignocellulolytic enzyme production were urea, time, and exhausted grape marc. The maximum values of enzymatic activity per unit of substrate dry mass were found with A. niger for feruloyl esterase. Enzymatic extracts from SSF with A. niger achieved maximum feruloyl esterase activity (89.53 U/g) and endoxylanase activity (3.06 U/g) and with A. uvarum for endocellulase activity (6.77 U/g). The enzyme cocktails obtained in the SSF extracts may have applications in biorefinery industries.
Advances in Environmental Technology (AET), 2017
The lignocellulosic wastes produced in food industries are suitable raw materials for the production of biological products. In this study, the solid state fermentation of Aspergillus flavus on lignocellulosic wastes was evaluated for microbial protein production. The fraction of the full factorial method was applied for experiment design and process optimization. The results analysis was performed through signal to noise statistical index using the Taguchi approach via Qualitek-4 software. Glycine, ammonium sulfate and iron sulfate concentration as well as temperature were considered as effective parameters. The maximum biomass concentration of 45.7 g/kg containing 55.75% (w/w) pure protein was obtained at optimal conditions including 0.5, 0.02, and 2 g/kg of ammonium sulfate, iron sulfate and glycine, respectively, at 25 °C. Ammonium sulfate (33.78% (w/w) contribution) and culture temperature (31.98% contribution) were evaluated as the most effective factors on biomass and microbial protein production. The highest interaction occurred between ammonium sulfate and glycine with an interaction severity index of 50.03%. The low deviation of 3.94% was determined between optimum theoretical biomass concentration (43.9 g/kg) and the experimentally measured one (45.7 g/kg). Due to the high protein content of 55.75% (w/w), Aspergillus flavus was introduced as a suitable strain for industrial protein production.
Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008
Many microorganisms that decompose lignocellulosic material are being studied as producers of enzymes to perform enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic material present in residues from the agroindustries. Although the cellulose and hemicellulose present in these materials have their value for feeding cattle, their bioavailability requires breakdown of the bonds with indigestible lignin. Predigestion of such materials with ligninases, xylanases and pectinases (cellulase free) may transform the lignocellulosic substrate into a feed with greater digestibility and higher quality for ruminants. This review provides an overview of variables to be considered in the utilization of fungal plantdepolymerizing enzymes produced by solid-state fermentation from agricultural production residues in Brazil.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2019
In recent years, the interest to find alternative extraction methods has increased. Extraction of natural phenolics by enzymes produced during solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a useful and novel technique environmentally friendly. On the other hand, agro-industrial wastes are an excellent source of natural antioxidants as phenolics. The aim of the work was to evaluate the increase of antioxidant compounds extraction from agro-industrial wastes after SSF and to relate it to the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Several filamentous fungi were evaluated as candidates to increase the extraction of antioxidant compounds by solid-state fermentation of wineries, olive mill and brewery wastes. Fermented and unfermented agro-industrial wastes were extracted with water and lignocellulolytic enzymes, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined in the extract. The maximum xylanase and cellulase activities were achieved by A. ibericus strains using brewer´s spent grain (BSG) as substrate and ranged from 300 to 313 U xylanase/g and 51-62 U cellulase/g. The best producer of β-glucosidase was A. niger CECT2088 using BSG as substrate (94 ± 4 U/g). The results of extraction of phenolic compounds revealed a higher extraction by SSF in olive mill wastes followed by winery wastes. In the same form, the maximum increase of antioxidant activity was achieved by SSF of exhausted olive pomace by Rhizopus oryzae MUM 10.260, increasing 12.9-fold in relation to unfermented waste. In addition, the production of enzymes, the extraction of phenolic compounds and the increase of antioxidant activity were related by principal component analysis. The first component grouped the BSG along with maximum enzymes production, the second component related positively the production of enzymes and the extraction of phenolic compounds and the increase of antioxidant activity. SSF proved to be an innovative environmentally friendly process that can improve the extraction of antioxidant compounds and simultaneously to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes from different agro-industrial wastes.