Relevance of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate blood levels for blood transfusion detection (original) (raw)
Related papers
Transfusion, 2010
BACKGROUND: Subjects submitted to intravenous (IV) blood transfusions for medical reasons or blood doping to increase athletic performance are potentially exposed to the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) found in IV bags. Exposure to DEHP has been evaluated by measuring DEHP metabolites in selected groups of subjects. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Urinary DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, mono-(2ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP) were measured in a control group with no explicit known exposure to DEHP (n = 30), hospitalized patients receiving blood transfusions (n = 25), nontransfused hospitalized patients receiving other medical care involving plastic materials (n = 39), and athletes (n = 127). Patients were tested in the periods 0 to 24 and 24 to 48 hours after exposition. RESULTS: Urinary concentrations of all three DEHP metabolites were significantly higher in patients receiving blood transfusion than in nontransfused patients and the control group, except for MEHHP and MEOHP in the period 24 to 48 hours. Samples from four athletes showed increased concentrations of DEHP metabolites comparable to urinary concentrations of patients receiving blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: Elevated concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites represent increased exposure to DEHP. High concentrations of DEHP metabolites present in urine collected from athletes may suggest illegal blood transfusion and can be used as a qualitative screening measure for blood doping. ABBREVIATIONS: DEHP = di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; MEHHP = mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate; MEHP = mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; MEOHP = mono-(2ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate.
Plasticizers excreted in urine: indication of autologous blood transfusion in sports
Transfusion, 2011
BACKGROUND: Misuse of autologous blood transfusions in sports remains undetectable. The metabolites of the plasticizer di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were recently proposed as markers of blood transfusion, based on high urinary concentrations of these compounds observed in patients subjected to blood transfusion. This study evaluates DEHP metabolites in urine for detecting autologous blood transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: One blood bag was drawn from moderately trained subjects and the red blood cells (RBCs) were reinfused after different storage periods. Group 1 (12 subjects) was reinfused after 14 days, and Group 2 (13 subjects), after 28 days of storage. Urine samples were collected before and after reinfusion for determination of the concentrations of three DEHP metabolites, mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate, mono‐(2‐ethyl‐5‐hydroxyhexyl)phthalate, and mono‐(2‐ethyl‐5‐oxohexyl)phthalate.RESULTS: Concentrations of DEHP metabolites on the days before reinfusion were in agreemen...
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most widely used phthalates, is a primary component in polyvinyl chloride plastics used in numerous household products, toys, floor tiles, furniture upholstery, blood storage bags, and medical devices, among other products [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2002; Faouzi et al. 1999]. Therefore, the potential for human exposure to DEHP is high. DEHP is not chemically bound in the plastics; hence, it can be leached to the environment during the manufacturing process and product use and after disposal (ATSDR 2002; Sharman et al. 1994). The general population is exposed to DEHP in food, water, and air through inhalation and ingestion (ATSDR 2002; Meek and Chan 1994; Sharman et al. 1994). Medical patients receiving transfusions (Peck et al. 1979) or dialysis (Faouzi et al. 1999) or those undergoing apheresis may be more exposed to DEHP than the general population (Ono et al. 1975). DEHP is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2000), but it has been designated a carcinogen in experimental animals (IARC 2000; Kluwe et al. 1982). Moreover, results from animal toxicologic studies have demonstrated
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2009
Phthalate esters (PE's) are plasticizers used to soften PVC-based medical devices. PE's are the most abundant man-made pollutants and increase the risk of developing an allergic respiratory disease or a malignancy. The leaching of PE's in donated packed red blood cells (PRBC) during storage was assessed. PRBC transfusion bags containing CPD/AS-1 (ADSOL) buffer were analyzed. Samples were collected on storage day 1 and day 42. Two PE's, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LCMS). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was measured by standard ELISA techniques. DEHP significantly increased from 34.3 μM (±20.0 SD) on day 1 to 433.2 μM (±131.2 SD) on day 42, a 12.6-fold increase. Similarly, MEHP significantly increased from 3.7 μM (±2.8 SD) on day 1 to 74.0 μM (±19.1 SD) on day 42, a 20.2-fold increase. Also, DEHP and MEHP increased the release of IL-8 from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The transfusion of older units of PRBC could lead to an accumulation of PE's possibly resulting in inflammation and other effects. This accumulation could be exacerbated due to the decreased metabolism of PE's since trauma patients have a lower esterase activity, the enzymes responsible for metabolizing PE's. The effect of oxidative stress caused by PE's is discussed as a potential mechanism for increases in inflammation caused by older units of PRBC. Abbreviations: PE's, phthalate esters; PRBC, packed red blood cells; DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IL-8, interleukin-8
Biomonitoring of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Exposure in Human
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013
The exposure of the general population to phthalates is of increasing public health concern. Most substantial phthalate in the environment is di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); higher molecular weight is the reason for use in construction material, clothing and furnishings. By far, their largest application is to impart exibility to polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC). Study focuses on the biomonitoring of DEHP in adults (n=108; males=42, females=66; average age 39.67 ± 14.01) from Nitra, because of the potential human toxicities of phthalates as a particle of plastic material. In response to determine human exposure to phthalates, we used high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis to estimate trace levels phthalate metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in human urine. The mean daily intake for DEHP ranged from 4.66 to 141.58 μg/kg per day, in 18 subjects were higher than corresponding tolerable daily intake (TDI) for DEHP (50 μg/kg per day) set by the European Food Safety Authority. The presence of DEHP in more than 92% of the urine samples indicating a ubiquitous exposure of people living in Nitra. This study is the result of implementation of projects: "Environmental aspects of urban area" (ITMS: 26220220110) supported by the Research & Development Operational Programme funded by the ERDF; VEGA (V1/0042/12).
Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 2018
The objective of the work is to demonstrate the applicability of the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on the quantification of the Di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP) released from the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) line into the circulating blood during the hemodialysis procedure. As the proposal is not to validate the method, blood samples from five patients and three healthy volunteers were collected, and the plasmas were isolated, prepared and analyzed. The average concentration of DEHP in the patient's plasma was 0.19±0.12 mg/kg of body mass, while in the plasma of the healthy volunteers was 0.003±0.002 µg/kg of body mass. The results showed that the method presented is an alternative to quantify the DEHP in the blood and could assist in the search for alternative materials to apply to extracorporeal circulation equipment. The study was performed according to the national and international standards of ethics in research involving human beings (CEP PUCPR Prot. n.5802).
Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2013
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer widely used in the production of poly-(vinyl) chloride (PVC) materials. It is a reproductive and developmental toxicant in animals and a suspected endocrine modulator in humans. DEHP is not covalently bound within the PVC molecule, which is why migration into a suitable medium can be expected. Since application of infusion solutions is one of the most common medical treatments, the objective of this study was to determine the migration of phthalates from softened PVC storage bags into infusion solution in different time periods within one year from date of production using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The measured values of DEHP ranged between 0.22 and 14.00 mg l À1 , but the unexpected presence of other phthalate esters was also detected. It was concluded that values obtained in infusion solutions match the reference data and represent a minor risk for the patient. The presence of other phthalate esters leads to the conclusion that the pharmacopeic requirement for polymer cleanness was not fully met. Since phthalate esters are among the most extensively used industrial chemicals and are widely distributed in the environment, special precautions and further monitoring should be conducted to minimize any possible health risks.
Toxics
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are plasticizers associated with multiple toxicities; however, no strict regulations have been implemented to restrict their use in medical applications in Lebanon. Our study aimed at assessing the potential risks correlated with phthalate exposure from IV bags manufactured in Lebanon. GC–MS analysis showed that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the predominant phthalate found in almost all samples tested with values ranging from 32.8 to 39.7% w/w of plastic. DEHP concentrations in the IV solutions reached up to 148 µg/L, as measured by SPME-GC–MS/MS, thus resulting in hazard quotients greater than 1, specifically in neonates. The toxicity of DEHP is mainly attributed to its metabolites, most importantly mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). The IV bag solution with the highest content in DEHP was therefore used to extrapolate the amounts of urinary MEHP. The highest concentrations were found in neonates having the lowest body weight, which is concerning,...
The accumulation of mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood and plasma
Transfusion, 1978
The accumulation of the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) In blood and blood components has been of considerable concern for some time. We have followed the accumulation of DEHP and one of its maor metabolites, mono-Letbylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, platelet concentrates, and platelet-poor plasma for periods ranging from 72 hours to four weeks. Both phthalates showed a progressive increase in concentration wlth time. While the levels of DEHP were much greater than those of MEHP, there was nonetheless a signilkant and continual increase in MEHP in all preparations. The highest concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were found in the platelet-poor plasma, indicating that platelets do not have a major role in the accumulation of the phthalates in blood. The accumulation of MEHP was shown to he a direct result of the metabolism of DEHP by plasma protein(s) rather than leaching from the blood bag.