Morphologic and biochemical characterization of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas (original) (raw)
Related papers
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2011
Objective—To evaluate molecular and histologic characteristics of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) and assess trace-mineral concentrations in serum, liver, and hair of juvenile llamas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension. Animals—12 juvenile llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, or both and 6 clinically normal control llamas). Procedures—Radiography and ultrasonography of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal regions were performed. Llamas were euthanized, and SDFT, DDFT, and SL samples were collected for histologic evaluation of collagen and elastin content and orientation, proteoglycan content, and collagen type III immunohistochemistry. Total RNA was isolated from SL tissue, and gene expression of collagen types I and III, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 was evaluated via real-time quantitat...
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2010
Objective—To determine the molecular and histologic characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in adult llamas. Animals—12 adult llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints [affected] and 6 age- and sex-matched clinically normal control llamas). Procedures—Llamas were euthanized, and specimens of superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were obtained from 4 areas and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen or suspended in neutral-buffered 10% formalin. Histologic evaluation of collagen fiber orientation, elastin content, and proteoglycan content was performed by use of Masson trichrome, picrosirius red, Verhoeff, and Alcian blue stains. Total RNA was isolated from frozen suspensory ligament specimens. Gene expression of collagen types I and III, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 was evaluated with a real-time quantitative reverse tra...
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2013
Objective—To characterize serum trace mineral, sex steroid hormone, and vitamin D concentrations and identify factors associated with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension in llamas and alpacas. Samples—Serum samples from 79 llamas and 15 alpacas and owner survey data for 573 llamas and 399 alpacas. Procedures—Serum samples were stored at −20°C until analysis and were evaluated for trace mineral, vitamin D, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone concentrations. Information regarding age of onset, number of affected animals in herd, feed and supplements given, type of housing, and management practices was obtained in an owner survey. Results—Higher serum zinc and iron concentrations were associated with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension in camelids, compared with controls. In summer and fall months, vitamin D concentrations were significantly higher in affected camelids than controls. Overall prevalence was 13.3% in llamas, compared wi...
The Suspensory Apparatus and Digital Flexor Muscles of the Llama (Lama glama) 1: The Thoracic Limb
International Journal of Morphology, 2008
The digital flexor muscles of the thoracic limb of four llamas were dissected and illustrated to provide data about the suspensory (support) apparatus and weight bearing structures. An extensive literature search was performed and yielded incomplete information about these anatomical structures. The popularity of the llama world wide as a domesticated animal used for show and fiber has increased in the recent years. It is helpful to describe the anatomy fully to aid in understanding of the species and treatment of pathologic conditions. The description of the anatomical structures and the original illustrations demonstrate genuine peculiarities and differences between the llama and domestic ruminants. In llamas, the three heads of the deep digital flexor muscle (DDF) originate and connect with each other in a very peculiar combination, with one tendon receiving an attachment from the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU). The superficial digital flexor muscle (SDF) has a thin tendon which is fused with the palmar fascia and then broadens. There are no interflexor muscles. Additionally, unexpected lumbricalis muscles are found in the distal limb and vary in number between the fore and hind limb. The anatomy of the suspensory apparatus in the thoracic limb is evaluated in this paper.
Post-Mortem Analysis in Three Muscles of Red Neck Ostrich (Struthio Camel Us Massaicus)
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine
A description of the pelvic limb musculature of ostrich (Red Neck) is given. Muscle tissues were obtained from muscle iliotibialis lateralis pars preacetabularis, muscle femorotibialis medius and muscle fibularis longus. The histochemical results revealed the presence of two types of fibres: slow-twitch fibres (type I) and fast-twitch intermediate fibres (type IIA). A higher incidence of type I compared to type IIA fibres in muscle iliotibialis lateralis pars preacetabularis and muscle femorotibialis medius was noticed. The immunohistochemical results revealed that in this species calpain/calpastatin system was localized in various parts of the muscles, although mu-calpain and m-calpain totally disappeared at 4 days post-mortem. Calpastatin and p-94 were present during all the period considered (0, 2 days, 4 days and 6 days post-mortem). In this study changes in enzymatic activities of mu and m-calpain were observed, particularly the activity of mu and m-calpain decrease rapidly dur...
Veterinary Science Development, 2014
The objective of this study was to determine the reference range values of various biochemical components in serum and synovial fluid in clinically normal young camels (Camelus dromedarius). One-hundred serum samples and 100 synovial fluid samples were collected from clinically, radiographically and cytologically normal carpal, tarsal and fetlock joints. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, albumin and the activities of creatine kinase, alanine aminotransfearse, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using commercially available kits. The concentration and activities of all measured parameters were significantly lower in the synovial fluid than in the serum except for the ALP and phosphorus, which were similar in both serum and synovial fluids. No significant difference was found in any of the measured biochemical parameters in different joints except in ALP activity, which was higher in the tarsal joint in comparison with the carpal and fetlock joint and the BUN concentration, which was higher in the tarsal joint in comparison with the carpal joint. Baseline values for biochemical components of normal camel synovial fluid and their serum counterparts have been generated. Such data can be used in the clinical investigation of camel's joint diseases. Statistical analysis Data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD) and ranges. Student's t test was
JOINT DISEASES IN ANIMAL PALEOPATHOLOGY: VETERINARY APPROACH
Animal paleopathology is not a very well known scientific discipline within veterinary science, but it has great importance for historical and archaeological investigations. In this paper, authors attention is focused on the description of one of the most common findings on the skeletal remains of animals -osteoarthropathies. This review particularly emphasizes the description and classification of the most common pathological changes in synovial joints. The authors have provided their observations on the importance of joint diseases in paleopathology and veterinary medicine. Analysis of individual processes in the joints of the animals from the past may help in the understanding of diseases in modern veterinary medicine. Differential diagnosis was made a point of emphasis and discussion, so that this work could have practical significance for paleopathology and veterinary medicine.
Long-bone fractures in llamas and alpacas: 28 cases (1998-2008)
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
Treatment and outcome of camelids with long-bone fractures are described. Medical records (1998-2008) of camelids (n = 28) with long-bone fractures were reviewed for signalment, time to presentation, fracture type, method of repair, duration of hospitalization, and post-operative complications. Follow-up information was obtained via telephone interviews with owners. Mean age and weight at presentation were 3.4 years and 56.3 kg, respectively. Twenty-six fractures were treated with internal fixation (n = 11), external fixation (n = 10), combination of internal and external fixation (n = 3), amputation (n = 1), and external fixation followed by amputation (n = 1). Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 19 of the 26 animals. The post-operative complication rate was 23% and owner satisfaction was high. Animals with open fractures were more likely to experience complications. Internal fixation was associated with superior alignment and outcome. Internal fixation techniques shou...