Water use in rice crop through different methods of irrigation in a sodic soil (original) (raw)
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Sodic soils are characterized by a relatively low electrical conductivity (EC), high exchangeable sodium (Na) on exchange sites, soil pH > 8.0, low rate of infiltration, and dispersed soil. From crop irrigation management perspective, the major challenges for sodic soils are their low infiltration characteristics, less available water for plants due to reduced water holding capacity, and low restricted water movement from sub soil to root zone because of poor hydraulic conductivity. This requires frequently replenishing the root zone with optimum volume of water to sustain plant growth. An experiment to determine the suitable irrigation depth and frequency, along with methods of application namely: Surface (farmer's practice), Sprinkler (double nozzle impact sprinkler), and LEWA (Low Energy Water Application) was initiated. Irrigation depth of 6 cm in case of Surface method, and 4 cm in case of Sprinkler and LEWA was applied at each irrigation event. The irrigation events were scheduled at 2-DAD (days after disappearance of water), 3-DAD and 4-DAD in case of surface method, and daily, 1-day and 2-day interval (after initial ponding disappeared) by Sprinkler and LEWA. The results revealed that grain yield varied with varying irrigation regime. Amongst surface irrigated plots the highest grain yield of 4.4 t ha-1 was obtained under highest irrigation level of 2-DAD which registered decline by 10% at 3DAD and by 25% at 4 DAD. Yield variation was marginal within Sprinkler and LEWA irrigated plots where highest yield of 4.4 t ha-1 at daily and 2-day interval in case of Sprinkler and at 2-day interval in case of LEWA was observed. Sprinkling methods (Sprinkler and LEWA) scheduled at 2-day interval resulted in water saving of 20% to 30% over surface method of irrigation (2-DAD and 3-DAD); whereas, energy use by Sprinkler was higher than Surface method (3-DAD and 4-DAD) as well as LEWA method (all irrigation regimes). This lead to to savings in energy by 20% to 30% using LEWA (at 2-day interval) over surface method of irrigation (2-DAD and 3-DAD), and, by using 5% by Sprinkler (at 2-day interval) over surface method (2-DAD).
Field Crops Research, 2020
Efficient water use in agriculture is a global demand, and in this context, the implementation of a sprinkler irrigated rice system has become a reality. Besides saving water, proper management of a sprinkler irrigated system can maintain high levels of productivity. This study aimed to determine the effect of soil water tension on rice crop production, in both vegetative and reproductive stages, as well as to evaluate the effect of soil water availability and physicochemical attributes on biometric and reproductive characteristics associated to rice grain yield under sprinkler irrigation. The experiment was carried out at the Lowland Experimental Station, Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão-Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during two growing seasons, in an area irrigated by a lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system. The following irrigation managements were evaluated: irrigation, when the mean soil water tension was i) 10 kPa; ii) 20 kPa; iii) 40 kPa; iv) 40 kPa on vegetative and 20 kPa on reproductive stages and v) 40 kPa on vegetative and 10 kPa on reproductive stages. Under sprinkler irrigation, rice plant development was impaired as soil water tension increased, evidenced by a reduction in plant heights. Soil water tension of 10 kPa was adequate to manage the sprinkler irrigation in rice, especially in the reproductive stage and when using cultivars developed for flooded environments. Rice development and yield were affected by increasing soil bulk density and acidity. Rainwater represented approximately 40 % of the water used by sprinkler irrigated rice during the crop cycle, contributing with the reduction of irrigation water use.
Soil and Water Management for Sprinkler Irrigated Rice in Southern Brazil
Advances in International Rice Research, 2017
Rice is grown in lowland paddies, which is flood irrigated. In the most undulating areas, continuous flooding is difficult and some farmers seek alternative irrigation methods. Grain yield in sprinkler irrigated rice ranges between 80 and 100% of that obtained under flooding, but for this, fertilizer and water should be properly managed. For sprinkler irrigated rice, fertilizer should be corrected by adding 10 kg/ha of P 2 O 5 and 15 kg/ha of K 2 O for every expected additional ton of grains, over the standard recommendation. Regarding nitrogen fertilizer, it is recommended to be applied about 20 kg/ha of N at planting and the rest as topdressing. This can be done via soil, split into two applications: 50-60% of the topdressing dose at tillering start and the rest at panicle initiation. When N is applied by fertigation, 25% of the recommended topdressing N should be applied at tillering start; the remainder of the dose may be partitioned into four to six weekly applications through irrigation water. For water management, soil water tension should be kept below 10 kPa. At the vegetative stage, irrigation can be applied aiming to avoid water tensions in soil above 30 kPa at any moment.
International journal of plant and soil science, 2024
On-farm trials on rice crop were conducted at farmer field over a span of three years (2018, 2019 and 2020) to assess the effectiveness of micro-irrigation methods (specifically drip and sprinkler irrigation) on water usage and crop yield in rice cultivation. The aim was to compare these methods with the conventional surface irrigation (flooding) method both in transplanted (manually or mechanically) and direct seeded rice so as to determine the feasibility of micro-irrigation in rice to tackle the problem of groundwater depletion in Haryana. In transplanted rice (TPR), grain yield obtained with drip and sprinkler irrigation was statistically similar to that obtained with conventional method. But the yield of direct seeded rice (DSR) increased significantly (15.1- 21.1% increase) when it was irrigated by drip or sprinkler methods than by conventional method. The yield of DSR was significantly lower than that of TPR when it was irrigated by conventional surface flooding method but the DSR yielded at par with TPR when irrigated by drip or sprinkler method. The grain yield of the crop obtained with drip and sprinkler irrigation was at par, irrespective of the crop establishment techniques. Over the conventional irrigation, the drip and sprinkler irrigation saved 54.4-57.2% and 47.4-49.0% of irrigation water, respectively in TPR whereas the saving of irrigation water over the conventional method in DSR was 52.5-53.9% and 38.3-39.3%, respectively. Irrespective of establishment techniques, the highest water use efficiency was achieved with drip irrigation (6.73-9.46 kg/ha/mm), followed by sprinkler irrigation (5.66-7.85 kg/ha/mm) whereas it was the lowest with the conventional irrigation (3.28-3.55 kg/ha/mm). It is evident from the findings that it is feasible to adopt sprinkler irrigation in rice (both in TPR and DSR) as it saved substantial quantity of irrigation water without any penalty in yield and net profit in TPR and even increased the yield and net profit in DSR over the conventional irrigation method. Therefore, sprinkler irrigation can be an effective strategy to manage the depletion of groundwater in Haryana. On the other hand, the drip irrigation, despite saving more water and being comparable to the sprinkler irrigation in respect of its effect on yield, may not be economically viable due to its higher initial cost.
Improving efficiency of water use for irrigated rice in a semi-arid tropical environment
Field Crops Research, 1997
Irrigation water accounts for almost 40% of total variable production costs for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area, northern Australia. Increasing the efficiency of water use would improve the economic viability of growers and long-term environmental benefits would also be likely due to lower water tables and decreased salinisation in irrigation areas. The aim of these studies was to maximize grain yield by optimizing its functional components: water use, efficiency of water use for dry matter production (WUEdm) and harvest index (HI). The responses of dry matter and yield in rice (cv. Lemont) to five methods of irrigation were studied in a wet and dry season in the region. Applying a permanent flood at sowing, the 3-leaf stage (traditional) and prior to panicle initiation were compared with two unflooded methods: saturated soil culture (SSC) and intermittent irrigation at weekly intervals. Saturated soil culture consisted of growing rice on raised beds of height 0.2 m and width 1.2 m, with water maintained in the furrows (0.3 m wide) some 0.1 m below the bed surface.
Advances in Applied Science Research, 2010
Rice is a staple food cultivated and consumed in Nigeria. Several research efforts on the crop had centered on the agronomic, soil and disease behavioural pattern with little work on its water use pattern. The study was aimed at estimating irrigation water requirements and establishing crop water use with its attendant effect on the rice crop. A two-year dry season experiment was conducted at the research farm of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria. Two upland rice varieties (NERICA 2 and NERICA 4) were planted on a 5m X 5m plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Four treatments based on different water distribution levels were adopted. Daily meteorological data were used to determine reference evapotranspiration (ET) and other supporting information relating to crop water use were also obtained. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. Total irrigation water applied were 3047mm, 2656mm, 2223mm and 1789mm while reference ET wer...
Water
Irrigation practice for rice culture can be especially challenging in areas with limited water supply and soil salinization. In this study, we carried out a field experiment to assess the effects of different water discharge frequencies on soil salt content, rice yield and water use efficiency on a saline-sodic soil in a semi-arid region of Northeast China. The experiment comprised of three frequency levels of discharge [9-time (I-9-30), 6-time (I-6-30) and 3-time (I-3-30) discharge, all followed with a 30-mm irrigation] in comparison with the traditional irrigation practice of 2-time discharge followed with an 80-mm irrigation (I-2-80). Our initial hypothesis was that increasing discharge frequency would increase both salt reduction and rice yield. Daily precipitation was recorded by a nearby weather station, and evapotranspiration and soil water percolation rates were measured at experimental sites using soil pits. The measurements were used to establish a water balance for each treatment. Our results showed that soil salt reduction increased with the increasing discharge frequency at a 30-mm irrigation water depth. The 9-time discharge reduced a large amount of soil salt (995.0 kg ha −1 ) after five months of the study. Rice yield also increased with the increasing discharge frequency with a 30-mm irrigation water depth; however, when compared to the traditional 2-time discharge followed with an 80-mm irrigation, rice yield at the sites with more frequent discharge (i.e., I-9-30, I-6-30 and I-3-30) was 11%-18% lower. Because of this, rice yield and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly higher under the
ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IRRIGATION FOR RICE CULTIVATION
In the context of global energy crisis and water scarcity, the rice production system is undergoing changes, with the strategy to produce more rice with lesser amount of water. Impact of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation, as a water saving technique on rice yield has been overviewed in this paper. Rice was irrigated in continuous flood irrigation (CFI) method, maintaining 5 cm of standing water, throughout the cropping period. The experiment has revealed that, AWD method saved the irrigation water about 23%, over the continuous flood irrigation method. AWD is an irrigation practice (introduction of unsaturated soil conditions during the growing season), that can reduce water inputs in rice, yet, it has not been widely been adopted, due to the potential for reduced yields. Overall, AWD decreased yields by 5.4% (when soils dried beyond−20 kPa), compared to the continuous flood irrigation methods.
Field Crops Research, 2011
One of the options to ameliorate the deleterious effects of sodic water irrigation is to apply gypsum to soil. We examined whether the application of organic manures or crop residue can reduce the need for gypsum in calcareous soils. A long-term field experiment with annual rice-wheat cropping rotation was conducted for 15 years (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006) on a non-saline calcareous sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) in northwestern, India. The irrigation water treatments included good quality canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) with residual sodium carbonate (RSC) of 10 mmol c L −1 from 1991 to 1999 and of 12.5 mmol c L −1 from 2000 onwards. Gypsum was applied at 0, 12.5, 25, and 50% of the gypsum requirement (GR), to neutralize RSC of the SW. Three organic material treatments consisted of application of farmyard manure (FYM) at 20 Mg ha −1 , Sesbania green manure (GM) at 20 Mg ha −1 , and wheat straw (WS) at 6 Mg ha −1 . The organic materials were applied every year to the rice crop. Continuous irrigation with sodic water for 15 years without gypsum or organic materials resulted in a gradual increase in soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), deterioration of soil physical properties, and decrease in yields of both rice and wheat. The cumulative yield loss in SW irrigated plots without gypsum and organic materials remained <1.5 Mg ha −1 for up to eight years in the case of rice and up to nine years in the case of wheat. Thereafter, marked increase in pH and ESP resulted in further depression in yields of rice by 1.6 Mg ha −1 year −1 and wheat by 1.2 Mg ha −1 year −1 . Application of gypsum improved physical and chemical properties of the soil. The beneficial effects on crop yields were visible up to 12.5% GR in rice and up to 50% GR in wheat in most of the years. All the organic materials proved effective in mobilizing Ca 2+ from inherent and precipitated CaCO 3 resulting in decline in soil pH and ESP, increase in infiltration rate, and a increase in the yields of rice and wheat crops. Although the application of organic materials resulted in comparable reductions in pH and ESP, the increase in yield with SW was higher for both crops with FYM. Pooled over the last six years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006), application of FYM resulted in 38 and 26% increase in rice and wheat yields, respectively, over SW treatment; corresponding increases in 50% GR treatment (recommended level) was 18 and 19%. During these years, application of GM and WS increased wheat yields by 20%; for rice, GM resulted in 22% increase compared to 17% in WS amended SW irrigated plots. Combined application of gypsum and organic materials did not increase the yields further particularly in the case of FYM and GM treated plots. This long-term study proves that organic materials alone can be used to solubilize Ca from inherent and precipitated CaCO 3 in calcareous soils for achieving sustainable yields in sodic water irrigated rice-wheat grown in annual rotation. The results can help reduce the dependency on gypsum in sodic water irrigated calcareous soils.
Factors affecting irrigation water savings in rice & wheat- Field Crops Research
Raised beds have been proposed for rice-wheat (RW) cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains as a means of increasing irrigation water productivity, among many other potential benefits. Field experiments were carried out in Punjab, India, during 2002India, during -2006 to compare irrigation water use and productivity of transplanted rice and drill-sown wheat on fresh and permanent beds and conventionally tilled flats.