Geometry of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Correlations (original) (raw)
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Necessary and sufficient quantum information characterization of einstein-podolsky-rosen steering
Physical review letters, 2015
Steering is the entanglement-based quantum effect that embodies the "spooky action at a distance" disliked by Einstein and scrutinized by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. Here we provide a necessary and sufficient characterization of steering, based on a quantum information processing task: the discrimination of branches in a quantum evolution, which we dub subchannel discrimination. We prove that, for any bipartite steerable state, there are instances of the quantum subchannel discrimination problem for which this state allows a correct discrimination with strictly higher probability than in the absence of entanglement, even when measurements are restricted to local measurements aided by one-way communication. On the other hand, unsteerable states are useless in such conditions, even when entangled. We also prove that the above steering advantage can be exactly quantified in terms of the steering robustness, which is a natural measure of the steerability exhibited by the st...
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering using quantum correlations in non-Gaussian entangled states
Physical Review A, 2014
In view of the increasing importance of non-Gaussian entangled states in quantum information protocols like teleportation and violations of Bell inequalities, the steering of continuous variable non-Gaussian entangled states is investigated. The EPR steering for Gaussian states may be demonstrated through the violation of the Reid inequality involving products of the inferred variances of non-commuting observables. However, for arbitrary states the Reid inequality is generally not sufficient because of the higher order correlations in such states. One then needs to use the entropic steering inequality. We examine several classes of currently important non-Gaussian entangled states, such as the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator, the photon subtracted two mode squeezed vacuum, and the NOON state, in order to demonstrate the steering property of such states. A comparative study of the violation of the Bell-inequality for these states shows that the entanglement present is more easily revealed through steering compared to Bell-violation for several such states.
Nonseparability and steerability of two-qubit states from the geometry of steering outcomes
Physical Review A, 2016
When two qubits A and B are in an appropriate state, Alice can remotely steer Bob's system B into different ensembles by making different measurements on A. This famous phenomenon is known as quantum steering, or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering. Importantly, quantum steering establishes the correspondence not only between a measurement on A (made by Alice) and an ensemble of B (owned by Bob) but also between each of Alice's measurement outcomes and an unnormalized conditional state of Bob's system. The unnormalized conditional states of B corresponding to all possible measurement outcomes of Alice are called Alice's steering outcomes. We show that, surprisingly, the 4-dimensional geometry of Alice's steering outcomes completely determines both the non-separability of the two-qubit state and its steerability from her side. Consequently, the problem of classifying two-qubit states into non-separable and steerable classes is equivalent to geometrically classifying certain 4-dimensional skewed double-cones.
2019
The famous EPR paradox shows that if we describe quantum particles in the usual way – by their wave functions – then we get the following seeming contradiction. If we entangle the states of the two particles, then move them far away from each other, and measure the state of the first particle, then the state of the second particle immediately changes – which contradicts to special relativity, according to which such immediateaction-at-a-distance is not possible. It is known that, from the physical viewpoint, this is not a real paradox: if we measure any property of the second particle, the results will not change whether we perform the measurement on the first particle or not. What the above argument shows is that the usual wave function description of a quantum state does not always adequately describe the corresponding physics. In this paper, we propose a new, more physically adequate description of a quantum state, a description in which there is no EPR paradox: measurements perf...
Loophole-free quantum steering
2011
Tests of the predictions of quantum mechanics for entangled systems have provided increasing evidence against local realistic theories. However, there still remains the crucial challenge of simultaneously closing all major loopholes - the locality, freedom-of-choice, and detection loopholes - in a single experiment. An important sub-class of local realistic theories can be tested with the concept of "steering". The term steering was introduced by Schr\"odinger in 1935 for the fact that entanglement would seem to allow an experimenter to remotely steer the state of a distant system as in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument. Einstein called this "spooky action at a distance". EPR-Steering has recently been rigorously formulated as a quantum information task opening it up to new experimental tests. Here, we present the first loophole-free demonstration of EPR-steering by violating three-setting quadratic steering inequality, tested with polarization entangled photons shared between two distant laboratories. Our experiment demonstrates this effect while simultaneously closing all loopholes: both the locality loophole and a specific form of the freedom-of-choice loophole are closed by having a large separation of the parties and using fast quantum random number generators, and the fair-sampling loophole is closed by having high overall detection efficiency. Thereby, we exclude - for the first time loophole-free - an important class of local realistic theories considered by EPR. As well as its foundational importance, loop-hole-free steering also allows the distribution of quantum entanglement secure from an untrusted party.
All-versus-nothing proof of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering
2013
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is a form of quantum nonlocality intermediate between entanglement and Bell nonlocality. Although Schrödinger already mooted the idea in 1935, steering still defies a complete understanding. In analogy to "all-versus-nothing" proofs of Bell nonlocality, here we present a proof of steering without inequalities rendering the detection of correlations leading to a violation of steering inequalities unnecessary. We show that, given any two-qubit entangled state, the existence of certain projective measurement by Alice so that Bob's normalized conditional states can be regarded as two different pure states provides a criterion for Alice-to-Bob steerability. A steering inequality equivalent to the all-versus-nothing proof is also obtained. Our result clearly demonstrates that there exist many quantum states which do not violate any previously known steering inequality but are indeed steerable. Our method offers advantages over the existing methods for experimentally testing steerability, and sheds new light on the asymmetric steering problem.
Fine-grained Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen–steering inequalities
Physical Review A, 2014
We derive a new steering inequality based on a fine-grained uncertainty relation to capture EPRsteering for bipartite systems. Our steering inequality improves over previously known ones since it can experimentally detect all steerable two-qubit Werner state with only two measurement settings on each side. According to our inequality, pure entangle states are maximally steerable. Moreover, by slightly changing the setting, we can express the amount of violation of our inequality as a function of their violation of the CHSH inequality. Finally, we prove that the amount of violation of our steering inequality is, up to a constant factor, a lower bound on the key rate of a one-sided device independent quantum key distribution protocol secure against individual attacks. To show this result, we first derive a monogamy relation for our steering inequality. PACS numbers: 03.67.-a, 03.67.Mn