Drones Operations and Communications in an Urban Environment (original) (raw)
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Internet of Drones (IoD) is a decentralized network and management framework that links drones' access to the controlled airspace and provides inter-location navigation services. The interconnection of drones in the IoD network is through the Internet of Things (IoT). Hence the IoD network is vulnerable to all the security and privacy threats that affect IoT networks. It is highly required to safeguard a good atmosphere free from security and privacy threats to get the desired performance from IoD applications. Security and privacy issues have significantly restricted the overall influence of the IoD paradigm. There are existing survey studies that helped lay a vital foundation for understanding the IoD security and privacy issues. However, not all have thoroughly investigated the level of security and privacy threats associated with the various drone categories. Besides, most existing review studies do not examine secured IoD architecture. This paper aims to assess the recent trends in the security and privacy issues that affect the IoD network. We investigate the level of security and privacy threats of the various drone categories. We then highlight the need for secured IoD architecture and propose one. We also give a comprehensive taxonomy of the attacks on the IoD network. Moreover, we review the recent IoD attack mitigating techniques. We also provide the performance evaluation methods and the performance metrics employed by the techniques. Finally, we give research future direction to help researchers identify the latest opportunities in IoD research. INDEX TERMS Attacks, Internet of Drones, IoD architecture, localization error attacks, security and privacy, UAS, UAV, UUV. I. INTRODUCTION A drone is an aircraft or submarine operated remotely without a human pilot [1]. It has many other names. It is called Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) when used on land, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) when operated on air, and Unmanned UnderWater Vehicle (UUV) when employed underwater. The term drone originated from the military, while UAV and UAS were adopted by some regulators of the The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Ahmed Farouk. US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [2]. The history of the first drone named Torpedo can be traced back to World War I. It was invented by Dayton-Wright Airplane company for military applications [3]. However, large-scale drone production started during World War II by a company called Reginald Danny. They produced almost 15,000 drones for the US army [3]. They fitted the drones with different cameras that sent data to ground equipment [2]. The drones were also embedded with a Global Positioning System (GPS), equipment for accessing data from Google Earth and a sensor with a circuit board for data recording [2].
A secure communication protocol for civil drones
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2022
This paper introduces a secure communication protocol that provides secured communication pathways to manipulate drones through unsecured communication. The deployment of the proposed protocol works through providing two secured communication paths ; drones to the drone's controller path and controller to data centre path. The first secured communication path has achieved a high level of security and privacy by using a modification of SHA-1 method and an advanced encryption method. The modification of the SHA-1 is called 83SHA-1. These modifications can increase rounds in the first stage up to 83 rounds, inject each round with expansion and S-Boxes procedures that are used in DES to extend length from 160 to 240 bits then reduce it from 240 to 160 bits. After hash data from the drone then use the advanced encryption method which is called Geffe-Genetic (GG) Encryption algorithm where three types of keys will be used for deception attackers. The second accomplishment is to ensure providing secure communication between the drone's controller and datacentre by using RNA-RADG-CBC (RRCBC) encryption algorithm where will generate an initialization vector (IV) for cipher block chaining (CBC) randomly, generate keys, and propose an encryption/decryption method. The security analysis shows a promising high security level of drones's data.