Usageof Hydrogen in Vehicles (original) (raw)
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On the Use of Hydrogen in the Automotive Sector
Functional Nanostructures Proceedings, 2017
According to studies promoted by the United Nations over the last hundred years, the average temperature of the atmosphere increased by 0.5 °C. The trend has been almost exponential since the 1960s, years of world industrial development and economic boom. Hydrogen offers an alternative to the fuels used today and proposes itself as a possible interesting solution for our future. After showing the benefits that hydrogen can offer, the attention is then focused on its use in the automotive sector. The number of vehicles is expected to increase following the recent massive motorization in India and China. It is therefore necessary to find a transport means that allows to drastically cut the emissions. Various studies on the possibility of hydrogen propulsion are currently underway, many of them at the level of experimentation. The easiest way to use hydrogen in the vehicular context is in current internal combustion engines with the addition of appropriate modifications, just as it happens for methane or LPG conversion to cars. The advantages over normal engines and other solutions are considered.
An overview of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
As hydrogen fuel cell vehicles move from manifestation to commercialization, the users expect safe, convenient and customer-friendly fuelling. Hydrogen quality affects fuel cell stack performance and lifetime, as well as other factors such as valve operation. In this paper, previous researcher's development on hydrogen as a possible major fuel of the future has been studied thoroughly. Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers which can replace fossil fuel and can be used as fuel in an internal combustion engines and as a fuel cell in vehicles. To use hydrogen as a fuel of internal combustion engine, engine design should be considered for avoiding abnormal combustion. As a result it can improve engine efficiency, power output and reduce NO x emissions. The emission of fuel cell is low as compared to conventional vehicles but as penalty, fuel cell vehicles need additional space and weight to install the battery and storage tank, thus increases it production cost. The production of hydrogen can be 'carbon-free' only if it is generated by employing genuinely carbon-free renewable energy sources. The acceptability of hydrogen technology depends on the knowledge and awareness of the hydrogen benefits towards environment and human life. Recent study shows that people still do not have the sufficient information of hydrogen.
A Review on Hydrogen as a Fuel for Automotive Application
Hydrogen can be described as the best alternative to the conventional fuels used to power automobiles for several reasons, and these include its higher heating values and emission free combustion. It has been demonstrated as a viable automotive fuel in three technological modes: hydrogen internal combustion engines (HICEs) connected mechanically to conventional vehicles; fuel cells that produce electricity to power electric vehicles; and hybrids that involve combinations of engines or fuel cells with electrical storage systems, such as batteries. The main drawbacks of using hydrogen as a transportation fuel are huge on-board storage tanks. Hydrogen stores approximately 2.6 times more energy per unit mass than petrol but it needs an estimated 4 times more volume than petrol to store that energy. In this review, the properties and the pathways for hydrogen use in vehicles, factors affecting the commercialization of hydrogen vehicles, which are not limited to the production; storage; transportation and distribution of hydrogen; costs of production, storage and distribution; and its safety, were discussed.
IJERT-Hydrogen as A Fuel in Modern Automotive Industry
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2021
https://www.ijert.org/hydrogen-as-a-fuel-in-modern-automotive-industry https://www.ijert.org/research/hydrogen-as-a-fuel-in-modern-automotive-industry-IJERTCONV9IS04006.pdf Hydrogen gas is the simplest molecule in the universe composed of two hydrogen atoms, the lightest element in the periodic table. In terrestrial conditions of temperature and pressure, it exists in gaseous state and to turn it into liquid, it must be cooled to-253 deg. Celsius, very close to absolute zero. But for its use as an energy source, its most interesting feature is its ability to combine with oxygen and release energy. Although the market for hydrogen as a transportation fuel is in its infancy, various governments and industries are working toward clean, economical, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Light-duty FCEVs are now available in limited quantities to the consumer market in localized regions domestically and around the world. This paper discusses the various beneficial properties of hydrogen, its use as a fuel in internal combustion engines, fuel cells, its performance and compares FCEVs with electrical vehicles and the challenges faced in making hydrogen-based vehicles available for the masses thereby giving the reader a thorough idea about the scope of hydrogen-based vehicles.
Development of a prototype hydrogen vehicle
International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 2020
Developing technology, new technologies, and changing world standards have led researchers to search for new energy sources. In addition to countries such as America, Germany, and Japan, most automobile manufacturers have been able to adapt to changing standards, have done major researches on alternative energy vehicles, and have started to market their products. In this study, a prototype hydrogen vehicle was developed for TÜBİTAK Efficiency Challenge Electric Vehicle Organization. Design criteria were determined within the limits of the competition rule book. A computer-aided design (CAD) program was used in the vehicle shell and mechanical part designs. Vehicle flow analysis was carried out with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. Laboratory condition long-term performance test of the fuel cell has been carried out and whether the fuel cell power was sufficient for the vehicle.
A Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Automobiles Future Prospects
IRJET, 2023
In recognition of the harmful effects of typical gasoline automobile emissions, the scientific community is turning to environmentally benign energy sources. Despite the abundance of renewable energy sources, hydrogen is the most effective one for use as automobile fuel. Like electricity, hydrogen is a powerful energy carrier capable of carrying large quantities of energy. The capacity of the vehicle's onboard hydrogen storage must be taken into account while developing fuel cell cars. This research looks at a recent advancement in hydrogen fuel cell engines to investigate the practicality of utilising hydrogen as a primary fuel in transportation systems, A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces energy by reacting chemical gases and oxidants. The fuel cell separates the cation and anion in the reactant in addition to using anodes to produce power. Reactants are compounds employed in fuel cells that cause a chemical reaction that results in the production of water as a byproduct. Hydrogen is one of the most efficient energy carriers, therefore the fuel cell can provide direct current (DC) electricity to run the electric car. A hydrogen fuel cell, batteries, and a control system along with methods can be used to make a responsible hybrid vehicle.
Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics, 2018
Limited oil reserves and the ecological consequences of its use in motor vehicles impose an increasing need for alternative energy and drives. The use of hydrogen as the fuel of the future is one of the solutions whose commercialization has begun in the past few years. Although its use has no impact on the environment, the production process, which is still expensive, does. Transport and storage of hydrogen, as well as advanced, but expensive technologies for its use, also present additional challenges, which are examined by the authors of this review paper through few topics. The properties of hydrogen, the way it is obtained, stored and transported are presented. Particular attention is paid to the method of obtaining the propulsion energy by combustion or by using different types of fuel cells. The paper also covers some examples of vehicles powered by hydrogen.
An outlook of hydrogen as an automotive fuel
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1989
The characteristics of the use of hydrogen as an internal combustion engine fuel, of the metal hydrides for hydrogen storage and of hydrogen fuel feed systems for the cases of hydrogen as a primary fuel and as supplemental fuel. The results clearly establish that supplemental hydrogen in the gasoline-air mixture can (1) expand the range of combustibility of the fuel-air mixture and hence more lean, (2) increase the effective efficiency of the engine and (3) reduce toxic emissions.
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles-An Overview
Every day we come across headlines stating the increase in the usage of petroleum, diesel, or the drastic changes in the weather due to Global warming. Because of this very reason mankind has started looking for alternative fuels and energy sources. Strenuous efforts have been made over the past few decades finding if the simplest element i.e. Hydrogen can actually deliver, serve the purpose of an alternative fuel and reduce our reliance on oil. Is Hydrogen capable of replacing conventional fuels like gasoline/diesel? Our paper highlights the important aspects of hydrogen powered vehicles, their types, and imprints a notion of being in a pollution free state with negligible tailpipe emissions as well as shows the hindering pitfall of its usage.
Aspects of an experimental study of hydrogen use at automotive diesel engine
Heliyon
Hydrogen may represents a good alternative fuel that can be used to fuel internal combustion engines in order to ameliorate energetic and emissions performance. The paper presents some experimental aspects registered at hydrogen use to fuel a diesel engine, different substitute ratios being use in the area of 18-34%, at 40% engine load and speed of 2000 rev/min. The engine is equipped with an open ECU and the control of the cyclic dosses of diesel fuel and hydrogen are adjusted in order to maintain the engine power performance. The in-cylinder pressure diagrams show the increase of the maximum pressure with 17%, from 78.5 bar to 91.8 bar for the maximum substitute ratio. Also, values of maximum pressure rise rate start to increase for hydrogen addition, in correlation with the increase of fuel amount burned into the premixed stage, without exceed the normal values with assure the normal and reliable engine operation. Higher Lower Heating Value and combustion speed of hydrogen assure the increase in thermal efficiency, the brake specific energy consumption decreases with 5.4%-7.8% at substitute ratios of 20-27%. The CO 2 emission level decreases with 20% for maximum hydrogen cyclic dose. In terms of pollutant emission level, at hydrogen use the emission level of the NO x decreases with 50% and the smoke number decreases with 73.8% comparative to classic fuelling at the maximum hydrogen cyclic dose.