Evaluation of fish meal analogue as partial fish meal replacement in the diet of growing Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (original) (raw)
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Fisheries Science, 2013
Eggs of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias are an indispensable and effective component of the compound diets currently used for larvae of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. However, this fish species, a natural resource, is becoming more scarce, suggesting that suitable diets should be developed using more sustainable components. In the search for appropriate diets without shark eggs, we have designed test diets in which shark eggs were replaced with general feed materials, such as fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), with the notable improvement that the FPH had been pre-digested with integral enzymes from frozen krill. Feeding trials were conducted to assess the effects of the test diets on survival and growth of Japanese eel larvae at early developmental stages. Larvae fed on the test diets were found to be able to survive up to 65 days after hatching, the maximum total length and body depth were 14.1 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Although larvae fed on the test diets still exhibited a low survival rate and poor growth, the FPH-based diets had a nutritional value that promoted substantial larval growth based on the significant difference between the initial and final body sizes. Our results suggest that the development of FPH-based diets not based on shark eggs but rather on general feed ingredients is promising but that there is much room for improvement.
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2007
A 2 3 3 factorial design was used to reevaluate the dietary protein requirements and to determine the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratios in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, reared in the recirculating system. For each of two experiments, six experimental diets (45 P 16 , 45 P 17 , 45 P 19 , 50 P 16 , 50 P 17 , and 50 P 19) were formulated and prepared to contain two protein levels (45 and 50%) and three energy levels (16, 17, and 19 kJ/g diet) at each protein level. In the first experiment, glass eel of initial weight 0.1 6 0.02 g (mean 6 SD) were used, while the second experiment was conducted with juvenile eel of initial weight 15.0 6 3 g (mean 6 SD). The first and second experimental periods were 6 and 16 wk for the glass and juvenile eel, respectively. At the end of the first experiment, there were no protein, energy, and their interaction effects. Also, there were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for glass Japanese eel fed all diets. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters of glass eel fed all experimental diets, these parameters were higher for fish fed 50 P 16 than for fish fed the other diets. For the second experiment, there were significant protein effects on WG, SGR, and PER (P , 0.05). However, there were neither significant energy effects nor protein and energy interaction effects on WG, SGR, FE, and PER. Fish fed 45 P 19 had a higher WG, SGR, and PER than did fish fed 45
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2003
A 12-week feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of marine raw materials in the diet with soybean meal and beef tallow on growth and product quality of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Based on growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition, soybean meal was found to be an unsuitable ingredient for eel diets as a substitute for fishmeal (25% on a protein basis), probably because of the low digestibility of its carbohydrate content. However, beef tallow can be used to replace 50% of fish oil without reduction in growth, provided that digestible carbohydrates are present in the diet. No major effects of protein and lipid sources in the diet were found on fillet chemical composition. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between fish fed the control and the experimental diets, with the exception of salty taste which was significantly higher in fish fed combined soybean meal and beef tallow compared with fish fed the control diet.
Fisheries and aquatic sciences, 2013
To determine the relative importance of two main factors, diet or culture environment, that affect the proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients (vitamin A, vitamin E, cholesterol, fatty acid composition) in cultured eels, we analyzed the composition of eels fed diets of formula feed (FF) produced by four different companies and of eels cultured at five different eel farms that provided only one of the four different FFs. The four commercial eel FFs did not markedly differ in proximate composition or major nutritive compounds, and consequently, these variables did not significantly differ in cultured eels fed the different FFs. The FF imported from Japan was marginally superior to the two domestic commercial FFs and the FF imported from Taiwan in terms of the proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients of both the FF itself and the eels cultured on it. However, proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients significantly differed among eels cultured at the five farms that used a different FF and among eels fed the four different FFs at the same farm. In conclusion, the difference in quality between domestic and Japanese FFs in terms of eel culture was small, whereas physical or chemical environmental differences among farms during eel culture may more strongly affect the proximate composition and levels of the main nutritive ingredients in cultured eels.
Growth Performance and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Eel, Anguilla japonica
2020
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and body composition in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Six semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to be iso nitrogenous and iso-caloric containing 55.0% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (18.3 kJ of available energy g-1). Six different levels of AA were added to the basal diet, with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.2% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively (AA0.07, AA0.22, AA0.43, AA0.57, AA0.78 or AA1.23). After a conditioning period, fish initially averaging 27±0.5 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of six experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 2-3% of total body weight twice a day. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed AA0.78 and AA1.23 diets were significantly higher than of fish fed AA0.07, AA0.22 and AA0.43 diets (p<0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the AA0.78 diet was significantly higher than of fish fed AA0.07, AA0.22 and AA0.43 diets (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among fish fed AA0.57, AA0.78 and AA1.23 diets (p>0.05). Whole body AA deposition of fish fed the AA1.23 diet was significantly higher than for the other diets (p<0.05). Broken-line model analysis on the basis of WG and SGR indicated that the dietary AA requirement could be greater than 0.69% but less than 0.71% of the diet in juvenile eel. The growth-promoting activity of AA observed in the present study provides strong support for the contention that dietary AA is essential for juvenile eel.
Aquaculture Research
The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that global fish production will increase 29 million tons between 2015 and 2025, most of which will come from aquaculture (FAO, 2005). The demand for aquafeeds and fishmeal will rise according to the expansion of aquaculture (Gatlin III et al., 2007). Fishmeal is necessary in diets to rear fish in the early life stages due to its high digestibility and composition of amino acids (Olsen & Hasan, 2012). Most fishmeal comes from catch fisheries (FAO, 2005; Naylor et al., 2009). Thus, there is a global initiative to avoid the unsustainable use of fisheries resources by reducing the use of fish-based protein for aquafeeds (FAO, ; Tacon & Metian, 2008). The aquafeed industry has focused on the potential of plant protein to replace fishmeal (Sharawy, Goda, & Hassaan, 2016). Plantbased ingredients have greater availability and standardization when compared to fishmeal (Gatlin III et al., 2007), but are lower in digestibility and biological protein, and contain antinutrients and mycotoxins (Naylor et al., 2009). Advances in biotechnology and processing may improve the bio-availability of valuable plant proteins and decrease the presence of antinutrients (Barca, Alazar, & Marini, 2000). The substitution of fishmeal with plant protein hydrolysates in aquafeeds has shown improvement in fish growth (Mamauag et al., 2011; Song et al., 2014; Storebakken et al., 2015). Wheat gluten hydrolysate used as a substitute for fishmeal has shown promising results
2005
Partial or total replacement of fish meal by a mixture of plant protein (PP) sources (corn gluten, wheat gluten, extruded peas, rapeseed meal and sweet white lupin) balanced with indispensable amino acids was examined in juvenile gilthead sea bream over the course of a 6-month growth trial. A diet with fish meal (FM) as the sole protein source was compared to diets with 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement (PP50, PP75, and PP100). The possible influence of diets on growth performance, plasma metabolites, gut integrity, liver structure, anti-oxidant and immune status was evaluated. Final body weight was progressively decreased with PP inclusion, but in PP50 and PP75-fed fish, feed efficiency (FE) was significantly improved and specific growth rates remained unchanged or slightly reduced in comparison to fish fed the FM diet. In fish fed PP100 diet, FE remained unchanged and feed intake and growth decreased dramatically. In this group of fish, liver fat deposition was also largely increased, enterocytes showed an increased number of lipidic vacuoles and/or deposition of protein droplets, and the submucosa of intestine was dilated/hypertrophied and infiltrated with eosinophilic granular cells. Plasma glucose levels did not differ among the four groups, but a significant and progressive decrease of plasma cholesterol and plasma protein levels was found with FM replacement. The glutathione redox status in blood and liver increased with the increase of PP content and this increment was statistically significant in the liver of the three PP-fed groups. Glutathione reductase and γ-glutamyl transferase were also enhanced by PP inclusion. Plasma lysozyme levels were not altered by the dietary treatment, but respiratory burst of head kidney leucocytes and plasma myeloperoxidase values were significantly increased in PP75 and PP100 fish, respectively. Complement (ACH50) was significantly increased in PP50 fed fish and decreased in PP75 and PP100 groups. As a general conclusion, substitution of FM by a mixture of PP sources exerted an anti-oxidative effect, compromised growth performance only at the 100% level, and decreased one of the immune defence mechanisms at above 75% level.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2010
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and body composition in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Six semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and iso-caloric containing 55.0% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (18.3 kJ of available energy g-1). Six different levels of AA were added to the basal diet, with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.2% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively (AA 0.07 , AA 0.22 , AA 0.43 , AA 0.57 , AA 0.78 or AA 1.23). After a conditioning period, fish initially averaging 27±0.5 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of six experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 2-3% of total body weight twice a day. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed AA 0.78 and AA 1.23 diets were significantly higher than of fish fed AA 0.07 , AA 0.22 and AA 0.43 diets (p<0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the AA 0.78 diet was significantly higher than of fish fed AA 0.07 , AA 0.22 and AA 0.43 diets (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among fish fed AA 0.57 , AA 0.78 and AA 1.23 diets (p>0.05). Whole body AA deposition of fish fed the AA 1.23 diet was significantly higher than for the other diets (p<0.05). Broken-line model analysis on the basis of WG and SGR indicated that the dietary AA requirement could be greater than 0.69% but less than 0.71% of the diet in juvenile eel. The growth-promoting activity of AA observed in the present study provides strong support for the contention that dietary AA is essential for juvenile eel.
Aquaculture, 2001
The use of plant-derived materials such as legume seeds, different types of oilseed cake, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates, and root tuber meals as fish feed ingredients is limited by the presence of a wide variety of antinutritional substances. Important among these are protease inhibitors, phytates, glucosinolates, saponins tannins, lectins, oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides, phytoestrogens, alkaloids, antigenic compounds, gossypols, cyanogens, mimosine, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, canavanine, antivitamins, and phorbol esters. The effects of these substances on finfish are reviewed. Evidently, little unanimity exists between the results of different studies as to the specific effects of antinutrients, since most studies have been conducted using an ingredient rich in one particular factor and the observed effects have been attributed to this factor without considering other antinutrients present in the ingredient, or interactions between them. Tentatively, protease inhibitors, phytates, antigenic compounds, and alkaloids, at levels usually present in fish diets containing commercially available plant-derived protein sources, are unlikely to affect fish growth performance. In contrast, glucosinolates, saponins, tannins, soluble non-starch polysaccharides, gossypol, and phorbol esters, are more important from a practical point of view. The effectiveness of common processing techniques such as dry and wet heating, solvent extraction and enzyme treatment in removing the deleterious effects of antinutrients from feed materials is discussed. More insights into the nutritional, physiological and ecological effects of antinutrients on fish need to be accumulated through studies using purified individual antinutrients and their mixtures in proportions similar to those in alternative nutritional sources in fish feeds. Such studies would provide data useful for designing optimum inclusion levels of ) Corresponding author. 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.