Molecular Characterization of Contracaecum Rudolphii Hartwich, 1964 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the Cormorant Phalacrocorax Carbo in Iraq (original) (raw)
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Sibling species of the Contracaecum rudolphii (s.l.) complex are habitual endoparasites of cormorants of the Phalacrocoracidae family, worldwide. In Europe, the two species, C. rudolphii sp. A and C. rudolphii sp. B, have been identified. However, information regarding the occurrence and distribution of these anisakids in cormorants from Spain is scarce. In the present study, 20 specimens of the European Shag, Ph. aristotelis desmarestii, from the western Mediterranean Spanish marine coast were parasitologically analyzed for the presence of nematodes. All hosts were found parasitized with Contracaecum specimens (n = 1,517). A representative subsample was genetically identified as C. rudolphii sp. A by sequence analysis of the mtDNA cox2 gene and the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the rDNA. This represents the first report of C. rudolphii sp. A from the Spanish Mediterranean waters. Population genetic analysis was performed including other C. rudolphii sp. A specimens from the west Sardini...
Parasitology Research, 2005
Specimens of Contracaecum rudolphii sensu lato (s.l.) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from northeastern and central Italy were characterised genetically and compared with those from Phalacrocorax aristotelis from Galician coasts, Spain (identified as C. rudolphii A by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) and with specimens of C. septentrionale from Alca torda from the Galician coasts, Spain. The first (ITS-1) and second (ITS-2) internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from individual nematodes and the amplicons subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and/or sequencing. For each ITS region, C. septentrionale specimens were distinct from those of C. rudolphii (s.l.) and C. rudolphii A based on SSCP profiles and ITS sequences. Some specimens of C. rudolphii (s.l.) had the same SSCP profiles and ITS sequences as C. rudolphii A, whereas the others had distinct SSCP profiles and ITS sequences and were suggested to represent C. rudolphii B based on host and geographical origins and genetic similarity to C. rudolphii A. While no length or nucleotide variation in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences was detected within each taxon, nucleotide differences of 1.8-5.5% (ITS-1) and 5.1-12.2% (ITS-2) were detected among them. The results support the hypothesis that C. rudolphii represents a complex of at least two sibling species and provide support for the validity of C. septentrionale as a separate species. The definition of genetic markers in the ITS rDNA provides opportunities for investigating the life cycles, transmission patterns and ecology of the anisakid nematodes studied herein.
Parasitology, 2007
SUMMARYSpecimens of Contracaecum spp. from Phalacrocorax auritus and Pelecanus occidentalis from Florida were characterized by sequencing of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene (rrnS) and by PCR-based RFLP analysis of the same gene and of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Analyses of the rrnS sequence data using the MP and UPGMA approaches yielded trees with similar topologies, delineating 3 main clusters. Specimens from Ph. auritus, morphologically assigned to C. rudolphii (s.l.), were part of the cluster comprising also the other 2 species of the C. rudolphii complex (A and B), but representing a genetically distinct group, potentially corresponding to a distinct lineage within the complex, provisionally named as C. rudolphii C. The second cluster comprised 5 individuals from P. occidentalis, which formed a genetically relatively homogeneous group. The rrnS data indicate that these specimens (indicated as Contracaecum sp. 1) are...
Parasitology, 2002
The anisakid nematodes morphologically corresponding with Pseudoterranova decipiens sensu lato (s.l.) (Krabbe, 1878) from different seal or sea lion hosts and geographical origins, previously identified as Pseudoterranova krabbei, P. decipiens (s.s.), P. bulbosa, P. azarasi and P. cattani by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, were characterized using a DNA approach. Also a population of P. decipiens (s.l.) from Chaenocephalus aceratus, the blackfin icefish, from Antarctica and another from Osmerus eperlanus, the European smelt, from Germany were included in the study. The first (ITS-1) and second (ITS-2) internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were amplified by PCR from individual nematodes and analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), followed by selective sequencing. While no variation in single-stranded ITS-1 and ITS-2 profiles was detected among samples representing each of the species or populations (with the exception of slight microheterogeneity), SSCP analysis of the ITS-2 amplicons allowed the unequivocal differentiation of all of the 5 sibling species of P. decipiens (s.l.) examined, which was supported by sequence differences in ITS rDNA. Samples representing the P. decipiens (s.l.) population from O. eperlanus had the same SSCP profile as those of P. decipiens (s.s.), which was supported by a lack of nucleotide difference in the ITS between them, suggesting that the former represented P. decipiens (s.s.). Based on SSCP results and ITS sequence data, P. decipiens (s.l.) from C. aceratus was genetically most distinct with respect to all other members of Pseudoterranova examined, which indicated that it may represent P. decipiens E (based on geographical origin) or a distinct species. These findings and the molecular approach taken should have important implications for studying the life-cycles, transmission patterns, epidemiology and population genetics of these anisakid nematodes, and the diagnosis of their infections.
Systematic Parasitology, 2007
Contracaecum bioccai n. sp. is described from the brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis (L.) in northern Colombia (Totumo Marsh) based on 20 enzyme loci studied using multilocus allozyme electrophoresis. Moreover, genetic relationships between the new taxon and related congeners are presented based on allozyme data-sets and sequence analyses (519 bp) of the mtDNA-cox2 gene. Fixed allele differences were found at some of the allozyme loci analysed in comparison with other Contracaecum spp. from pelicans and cormorants [i.e. the sibling species of the C. rudolphii Hartwich, 1964 complex, C. septentrionale Kreis, 1955, C. micropa-pillatum (Stossich, 1890), C. microcephalum (Rudolphi, 1809) and C. pelagicum . The genetic distance, at the allozyme level, between C. bioccai n. sp. and its congeners ranged from D Nei = 0.80 versus C. septentrionale to D Nei = 1.40 versus C. micropapillatum. The genetic distance at the mtDNA cox-2 level ranged, on average, from K-2P = 0.12 versus the C. rudolphii species complex to K-2P = 0.15 versus C. micropapillatum. An overall concordant tree topology, obtained from UPGMA and NJ tree analyses inferred from allozyme data, as well as from MP, UPGMA and NJ inferred from mtDNA-cox2 sequence analysis, showed C. bioccai n. sp. as a separated lineage to the other Contracaecum spp. A concordant result was also obtained by PCA analysis based on both the allozyme and mtDNA cox-2 data-sets. All of the tree topologies, derived from the phylogenetic analysis inferred from both allozymes and mtDNA data-sets, were in substantial agreement and depicted C. bioccai as closely related to the sibling species of the C. rudolphii complex (C. rudolphii A and C. rudolphii B) and C. septentrionale. Morphological analysis and a differential diagnosis based on male specimens of C. bioccai, which had been genetically characterised by both allozyme markers and mtDNA sequences analysis with respect to morphologically related congeners, enabled the detection of differences in a numbers of characters, including spicule length, the morphology of the distal end of the spicule and the distribution patterns of the distal caudal papillae.
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2022
The present study provides new insight into valuable information on the diverse structure of the anisakid population, discusses the limited species richness, and also discusses the relationship with other closely diversity-related taxa in NCBI databases in the Epinephelus diacanthus and Epinephelus coioides fish. The fishing area consists of various locations in the Arabian Gulf. A total of 69 E.coioides and E. diacanthus were examined, (n= 48) were infected. Larval stages (n=1,119). Isolated larvae were encysted within the mesenteries peritoneum and viscera of fish organs, with a prevalence of 81.25% of infection and 59.459 % in the E. diacanthus and E. coioides respectively. Molecular analysis was carried out on thirty individuals of nematode parasites who have examined the morphology and showed some appearance differences, by amplifying internal transcribed spacers ITS and ITS-1 of nuclear rDNA (rDNA) by PCR using the primer sets NC5/NC2 and SS1/NC13R of DNA products. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X. based on the identity percentage in the GenBank database showed that they belong to anisakid nematodes, in particular, they belong to nine distinct taxa within the Hysterothylacium spp. The presence of the same species individuals in one host may be the cause of these genetic variations at the species level, and that's what the current study has recorded. It has been found that there is an overlap in the order of nitrogen bases between the same species, and this occurs through the fertilization process, while the rest is clean or have only a few parasites.
Veterinary Sciences
In this study, four dead great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Blumenbach, 1978) specimens, collected from the coasts and lakes of Southern Italy, were examined by necropsy for the detection of Contraceacum sp. The adults and larvae found were subjected to morphological analysis and molecular identification by PCR-RFLP. A total of 181 Contracaecum specimens were detected in all of the four great cormorants examined (prevalence = 100%), showing an intensity of infestation between nine and ninety-two. A co-infestation by adult and larval forms of Contracaecum rudolphii was found only in one of the great cormorants examined. Following molecular investigations, 48 specimens of C. rudolphii A and 38 specimens of C. rudolphii B were detected, revealing co-infestation solely for the great cormorant from Leporano Bay (Southern Italy). Our results showed an opposite ratio between C. rudolphii A and C. rudolphii B in Pantelleria and in Salso Lake (Southern Italy) compared to what was ...
Parasite, 2008
Phocascaris (Phocascaris cystophorae), parasites as adults of seals, were inferred from sequence analysis (519 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (mtDNA cox2) gene. Phylogenetic analyses obtained from Parsimony (MP) and Neighbour-Joining (NJ) K2P distance values generated similar topologies, each well supported at major nodes. All analyses delineated two main clades: the first encompassing the parasites of the phocid seals, i.e. the C. osculatum species complex, C. osculatum baicalensis, C. mirounga and C. radiatum, with the latter two species forming a separate subclade; the second including the parasites of otarids, i.e. C. ogmorhini (s.s.) and C. margolisi. An overall high congruence between mtDNA inferred tree topologies and those produced from nuclear data sets (20 allozyme loci) was observed. Comparison of the phylogenetic hypothesis here produced for Contracaecum spp. plus Phocascaris with those currently available for their definitive hosts (pinnipeds) suggests parallelism between hosts and parasite phylogenetic tree topologies.
Helminthologia, 2021
A total of 1134 freshwater fi shes belonging to Cyprinidae (Acanthobrama marmid (n=20), Alburnus caeruleus (n=7), Alburnus mossulensis (n=62), Arabibarbus grypus (n=123), Barbus lacerta (n=7), Capoeta trutta (n=222), C. umbla (n=161), Carasobarbus kosswigi (n=5), C. luteus (n=89), Carassius auratus (n=54), Chondrostoma regium (n=52), Cyprinion kais (n=10) and C. macrostomum (n=322)) were collected in different water bodies in Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region-Iraq for the presence of larval nematode of the genus Conteacaecum. This investigation revealed that 17 fi shes belonged to fi ve species (A. marmid, A. grypus, C. trutta, C. luteus and C. regium) were infected with Contracaecum larvae with prevalence of 35 %, 0.81 %, 0.90 %, 4.49 % and 5.76 %, respectively. The third-larval stage was morphologically studied by optical microscopy, and the ultrastructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, molecular analysis was carried out by amplifying, sequencing and comparing different gene loci, including internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and cytochrome oxidase c subunit-II (COX-2), of the different isolated Contracaecum larvae. These sequences were also compared with closely related nematode sequences from the GenBank. Fifteen sequences were obtained for this study from the collected Contracaecum larvae. ITS-1, ITS-2 and COX-2 were amplifi ed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The sequences of ITS-1, ITS-2 and COX-2 revealed that the collected Contracaecum larval specimens from all infected fi sh species represented one species (Contracaecum rudolphii B) based on the identity percentage in the GenBank database. The genetic characterisation of the parasite in the present study is available in the GenBank database, and the obtained ITS-1, ITS-2 and COX-2 sequences were deposited in GenBank. The present study provides information on the accurate identifi cation and molecular analysis of Contracaecum larvae in the infected fi sh species in Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.