Mechanochemical synthesis of nanoparticles (original) (raw)

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology

Chemical Society Reviews, 2013

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

Mechanochemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

Communications Chemistry, 2021

In the last decades, mechanochemical processing has emerged as a sustainable method for the large-scale production of a variety of nanomaterials. In particular, mechanochemical synthesis can afford well-dispersed metal-oxide nanoparticles, which are used in wide-ranging applications including energy storage and conversion, environmental monitoring, or biomedical uses. This article reviews recent progress in the mechanochemical synthesis of metal-oxide nanoparticles, explores reaction mechanisms, and contrasts the influence of chosen process parameters on the properties of end products. The role of choice of reaction pathway, as well as advantages and limitations compared to other synthesis methods are discussed. A prospect for future development of this synthetic method is proposed.

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Potential Antimicrobial Applications

Materials

There is an increased interest in porous materials due to their unique properties such as high surface area, enhanced catalytic properties, and biological applications. Various solvent-based approaches have been already used to synthesize porous materials. However, the use of large volume of solvents, their toxicity, and time-consuming synthesis make this process less effective, at least in terms of principles of green chemistry. Mechanochemical synthesis is one of the effective eco-friendly alternatives to the conventional synthesis. It adopts the efficient mixing of reactants using ball milling without or with a very small volume of solvents, gives smaller size nanoparticles (NPs) and larger surface area, and facilitates their functionalization, which is highly beneficial for antimicrobial applications. A large variety of nanomaterials for different applications have already been synthesized by this method. This review emphasizes the comparison between the solvent-based and mechan...

Nanocrystalline materials prepared by homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanochemical reactions

Annales de Chimie Science des Mat�riaux, 2002

At present, the high-energy milling method becomes widely used for the preparation of nanocrystalline materials due to its relative simplicity and availability. In this overview, selected examples are presented of the preparation of nanoscale materials by homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanochemical reactions in spinet ferrites. Despite numerous efforts, the understanding of the nonequilibrium mechanochemical processes is considered to be far from complete, leaving large scope for further research in this exciting field. RCsumC-MatCriaux nanocristallins obtenus grlce g des reactions d'activation mkcanique homog&nes et hCtCrog&es. En raison de sa grande disponibilitt et de sa relative simplicitt, le broyage a haute tnergie est de plus en plus repandu en tant que pro&de de fabrication pour materiaux nanocristallins. Pour cet expose, nous avons choisi des exemples qui traitent de la fabrication de mattriaux nanocristallins provenant de ferrites spinelles. Malgre de nombreuses experiences, nous sommes encore loin de comprendre les proctdts d'activation mecanique hors d'equilibre. Ceci laisse done la Porte ouverte Q bien des recherches dans ce vaste domaine.

Mechanochemical synthesis of the nanocrystalline semiconductors in an industrial mill

2006

Nanocrystalline semiconductor particles MeS (Me = Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were successfully synthesized by the mechanochemical route from the corresponding metal acetates and sodium sulphide in an industrial eccentric vibratory mill. Structure properties of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction which reveals the crystalline nature of MeS nanoparticles. The methods of TEM, particle size analysis and low temperature nitrogen sorption were used to analyze particle morphology and surface area measurement. The average sizes of MeS particles at 4-18 nm were estimated by Scherrer's formula. The main advantage of the application of an industrial mill is that it is a "quantity" process permitting kilograms of material to be produced in an ambient temperature in a very short processing time.

Nanocrystalline Complex Oxides Prepared by Mechanochemical Reactions

2010

The preparation of complex oxides by the conventional solid-state (ceramic) route requires a number of stages, including homogenization of the powder precursors, compaction of the reactants, and finally prolonged heat treatment at considerably elevated temperatures under controlled oxygen fugacity. One goal of modern materials research and development has been to identify simpler processing schemes that do not rely upon high-temperature treatments for inducing solid-state reactions. At present, mechanochemical methods become widely used for the preparation of nanocrystalline materials due to their relative simplicity and availability. In this work, selected examples are presented of the preparation of nanoscale complex oxides via single-step mechanochemical routes. Nuclear spectroscopic methods are employed to follow the mechanically induced formation of nanooxides and to characterize the nonequilibrium structural state of the resulting nanophases at the atomic level.

Mechanochemical synthesis of nanocrystalline metal powders

this chapter introduces the novel method of mechanochemical synthesis as an effective method for synthesizing metal powders in the nanocrystalline state. after introducing the basic principles of the process, process parameters that affect the constitution and microstructure of the processed powders are discussed. the mechanisms of alloying and grain refinement are also described. Methods for achieving the smallest possible grain size are highlighted. Current problems associated with the consolidation of powders to bulk shape are described. the ubiquitous problem of powder contamination during milling and solutions to eliminate or minimize this are also emphasized.

Mechanochemical synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications

Mechanochemical synthesis emerged as the most advantageous, environmentally sound alternative to traditional routes for nanomaterials preparation with outstanding properties for advanced applications. Featuring simplicity, high reproducibility, mild/short reaction conditions and often solvent-free condition (dry milling), mechanochemistry can offer remarkable possibilities in the development of advanced catalytically active materials. The proposed contribution has been aimed to provide a brief account of remarkable recent findings and advances in the mechanochemical synthesis of solid phase advanced catalysts as opposed to conventional systems. The role of mechanical energy in the synthesis of solid catalysts and their application is critically discussed as well as the influence of the synthesis procedure on the physicochemical properties and the efficiency of synthesized catalysts is studied. The main purpose of this feature article is to highlight the possibilities of mechanochemical protocols in (nano)materials engineering for catalytic applications.

Mechanochemical and sonochemical synthesis of bio-based nanoparticles

Nanoparticles have been widely used in engineering applications because of their unique thermal, electronic, and mechanical properties. Due to the high cost and environmental hazard of the petroleum and mineral derived products, a growing effort has emerged in recent years on the research, development, and application of bio materials obtained from renewable resources. In this study we explore the synthesis and characterization of bio based nanoparticles derived from different sea shells that have a high content of inorganic components that can offer great materials for industrial and structural applications. Sea shells used in this research include littleneck and quahog clams, as well as Mussels. Mechanochemical and sonochemical methods were employed for size reduction of these materials to nanometer scale and surface modification for better dispersion. The particles were characterized for their chemical structure, size and morphology using different characterization techniques including X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.