Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. The proactive role of probiotics (original) (raw)
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Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Mediators of Inflammation, 2010
The increasing incidence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is disturbing. The activation of inflammatory pathways, used normally as host defence response, reminds us of the seriousness of this condition. There is most probably more than one cause for the activation of inflammation, a timeline of events related to the deterioration of metabolic homeostasis presenting along variable routes. Apparently, metabolic overload evokes several stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory, organelle, and cell hypertrophy stresses, generating vicious cycles that amplify each other leading to dysfunction. Adipocyte hypertrophy, through purely physical reasons, facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Inability of adipose tissue development to engulf all incoming fat leads to fat deposition in other organs, mainly in the liver, with marked consequences on insulin resistance. The oxidative stress which accompanies feeding, particularly when there is an excessive ingestion of fat and/or other macronutrients without concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods/beverages, may contribute to the inflammatory markers attributed to obesity. Moreover, recent data on the microbiota and its interaction with food and with obesity brought new hypothetic mechanisms for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these common confounders, other phenomena, for instance, psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to the raise of oxidative/inflammatory status. The difficulty in the management of the obesity/metabolic syndrome pathologies is linked to their multifactorial nature where environmental, genetic, and psychosocial factors interact through highly complex networks.
Probiotics intake and metabolic syndrome: A proposal
Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2011
Probiotics are practical tools to provide the modulation of microbiota. The ingestion of food or ingredients containing anti-inflammatory activity components as probiotics should be useful in obesity control and associated co-morbidities treatment. Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic dysfunction associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance, in which the alterations in host–microbiota interactions play an important role. Besides diet and physical
Management of metabolic syndrome through probiotic and prebiotic interventions
Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder caused by a cluster of interrelated factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is the main precursor for metabolic syndrome that can be targeted in developing various therapies. With this view, several physical, psychological, pharmaceutical and dietary therapies have been proposed for the management of obesity. However, dietary strategies found more appropriate without any adverse health effects. Application of probiotics and prebiotics as biotherapeutics is the new emerging area in developing dietary strategies and many people are interested in learning the facts behind these health claims. Recent studies established the role of probiotics and prebiotics in weight management with possible mechanisms of improved microbial balance, decreased food intake, decreased abdominal adiposity and increased mucosal integrity with decreased inflammatory tone. Hence, the above "Pharmaco-nutritional" approach has been selected and extensively reviewed to gain thorough knowledge on putative mechanisms of probiotic and prebiotic action in order to develop dietary strategies for the management of metabolic syndrome.
2018
The modification the gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome and associated chronic 16 diseases is among leading tasks of microbiome research and needs for clinical use of probiotics. 17 Evidence lack for the implications for microbiome modification to improve metabolic health in 18 particular when applied impersonalized. Probiotics have tremendous potential in personalized 19 nutrition and medicine to develop healthy diets. The aim was to to conduct comprehensive 20 overview of recent updates of role of microbiota on human health and development of metabolic 21 syndrome and efficacy of microbiota modulation considering specific properties of probiotic strain 22 and particular aspects of metabolic syndrome and patient`s phenotype to fill the gap between 23 probiotic product and individual to facilitate development of individualized / personalized 24 probiotic and prebiotic treatments. We discuss the relevance of using host phenotype-associated 25 biomarkers, those based on imaging and ...
Influence of inflammation and adipocyte biochemical markers on the components of metabolic syndrome
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2020
Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the correlation between adipocyte and inflammation biomarkers, and metabolic syndrome and its components. The study included 80 patients with normal body-mass index and 80 obese patients. The groups were assessed for serum values of adiponectin, leptin and highly sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as the influence of these biochemical markers on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. Leptin, HOMA-IR and hsCRP had statistically significant (P<0.01) higher values in the group of obese subjects, while adiponectin had statistically significant (P<0.01) lower values. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 35% in the obese group and 5% in the normal weight group. Adiponectin and HOMA-IR were the variables significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (P<0.01), adiponectin/HOMA-IR ratio and leptin/adiponectin ratio were also associated with metabolic syndrome (P<0.01). No relationship was found between metabolic syndrome and hsCRP. Adiponectin and adiponectin/HOMA-IR were associated with all the components of metabolic syndrome and they can be useful to identify patients with high risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other disorders included in the metabolic syndrome (MS) show common pathogenetic factors including a status of chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI). Recent insights have generated an interesting new perspective introducing the possibility that our microbiota might be involved in the development of these disorders causing a chronic low grade inflammatory status and metabolic handling of the host. The relationship between microbiota and host is very complex and based on a mutual influence. Accordingly, dietary composition and caloric intake seems to alter normal intestinal microbial composition and function causing effects on the immune system of the host and its metabolic regulation. Several findings have shown that a number of environmental associated factors, damaging the permeability of the intestinal barrier, can facilitate the constant transition of small amounts of bacterial endotoxins in the circulation able to activate, in different organs and tissues, the innate immunity receptors (PRRs), leading the appearance of a low-grade systemic inflammation. Furthermore, in recent years, the pathogenetic role of PRRs and innate immunity in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome has become increasingly clear, proving to be the link between intestinal dysbiosis and CLGI.
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2014
Background: The purpose of this research was to study the gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and adiponectin (AdipoQ) genes in the visceral (omental, mesenteric) and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in metabolic syndrome (MS). We studied 23 women with MS, with a mean age of 50.7 ± 4.5 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 45.6 ± 9.8 kg/m 2 . The control group included 10 women, with a mean age of 40.6 ± 8.7 years and normal BMI (22.3 ± 3.7 kg/m 2 ). The gene expression levels in the omental (OAT), mesenteric (MAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR.
Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2013
Metabolic syndrome is a lifestyle disease, determined by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Obesity is a significant risk factor for development of the metabolic syndrome, and the prevalence of obesity is increasing due to changes in lifestyle and diet. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important contributor to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders, through its interactions with environmental (e.g. diet) and genetic factors. Human and animal studies have shown that alterations in intestinal microbiota composition and shifts in the gut microbiome towards increased energy harvest are associated with an obese phenotype. However, the underlying mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects host metabolism still need to be defined. In this review we discuss the complexity surrounding the interactions between diet and the gut microbiota, and their connection to obesity. Furthermore, we review the literature on the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the gut microbiota and host metabolism, focussing primarily on their anti-obesity potential.