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Understanding Damara / ‡Nūkhoen and ||Ubun indigeneity and marginalisation in Namibia
‘Neither Here Nor There’: Indigeneity, Marginalisation and Land Rights in Post-independence Namibia., 2020
Damara / ≠Nūkhoen peoples are usually understood in historical and ethnographic texts for Namibia to be amongst the territory’s ‘oldest’ or ‘original’ inhabitants. Similarly, histories written or narrated by Damara / ≠Nūkhoen peoples include their self-identification as original inhabitants of large swathes of Namibia’s central and north-westerly landscapes. All these contributions understand that Damara / ≠Nūkhoen access to ancestral land areas has been severely constrained through historical processes of marginalization. These processes included pre-colonial in-migration by Oorlam Nama and Herero-speaking cattle-herding peoples, exacerbated by accelerating land appropriation by European settlers under conditions of state colonialism. The present chapter responds to these gaps and exclusions through providing overviews of the following issues: - circumstances of early presence in Namibia, drawing on literatures in archaeology and history; - social organisation of Damara / ≠Nūkhoen into lineage groups (!haoti) linked with specific land areas (!hūs), and relevance for understanding issues of identity and displacement; - historical processes of displacement and marginalization which mean that in the present a high proportion of Damara / ≠Nūkhoen and ||Ubun do not now occupy their ancestral areas; - detail for specific 20th century historical evictions linked with land and resource management strategies associated with providing land and grazing to settler farmers, and with clearing land for nature conservation and/or in relation to the control of livestock diseases; - consideration of land access and administration issues associated with the post-Odendaal creation of the Damaraland ‘homeland’ (from early 1970s to 1990); - subsequent post-independence changes in administration of land in the former ‘homeland’; - review of reasons for a continuing discrimination against Damara / ≠Nūkhoen in terms of their inclusion in discourses of indigeneity and marginalization in Namibia.
Ancestors : a challenge to the Oruuano Church of Namibia
1999
I 2.1.2 'You cannot serve two masters' 29 2.1.2.1 The relationship with the South African administration 29 2.1.2.2 The relationship with the German community 30 2.1.2.3 The relationship with the Herero community 31 2.2.1 The influence of Garvey 33 2.2.2 The funeral of Samuel Maharero 34 2.3 Events leading to the founding of Oruuano 36 2.4 Motives for the founding of Oruuano 39 2.5 Oruuano and the Herero tradition 40 CHAPTER 3: THE WORLD OF THE ANCESTORS 44 3.1 The ancestors are alive! 44 3.2 When a person dies... 45 3.2.1 Concept of death 45 3.2.2 Rituals and ceremonies 46 3.2.3 The land of the departed 3.3. Who are the ancestors? 3.3.l Terminology 3.3.2 Ancestors as part of the spirit world 3.3.3 The ancestor as a 'Person' 3.3.4 Who qualifies to be an ancestor? 3 .3 .5 Different categories of ancestors 3.3.6 Are the ancestors alive? 3.4 The ancestors and the living 3.4.l Ancestors: senior family members 3.4.2 The role of the ancestors among the living. 3.4.3 Communication between the ancestors and the living 3.4.4 The nature of the relationship between the ancestors and the living 3 .5 The ancestors and their relationship with God 3 .6 A summary of the main aspects of ancestor belief II CHAPTER 4: THE CHALLENGE OF THE ANCESTORS 4.1 Unity in diversity 4.2 The God of the Herero 4.2. l Ndjambi cares for his people 4.2.2 Ndjambi or Mukuru or Musisi or Jehovah? 4.2.3 Are Ndjambi and the God of the Bible the same God? 4.3 The ancestors in the Herero community 4.1.1 The holy fire 4.3.2 The perception of the ancestors 4.3.3 Ancestors: religion or social-cultural? 4.3.4 Veneration or worship? 4.4 Oruuano and the Herero religion 4.4.1 Two examples of parallelism 4.4.2 The official position of Oruuano on the ancestors 4.4.3 Double standards or a pastoral approach? 4.4.3.l The context 4.4.3.2 A pastoral approach 4.5 Challenges to Oruuano 4.5.l Speak out on the ancestors 4.5.2 Start with the concept of God 4.5.
Remembering the Dismembered: African Human Remains and Memory Cultures in and after Repatriation
PhD Thesis, RTG "minor cosmopolitanisms", University of Potsdam, 2020
Ronald Booysen. She leads the Gamtkwa Khoisan Council and has organized projects in local cultural empowerment, such as the Naniqua Jewellery Project which aims to revive traditional art forms of jewellery making. Gamtkwa Khoisan Council: http://www.gamtkwa.org.za Mnyaka Sururu Mboro, born in 1951, is a Chaga teacher and activist from Tanzania who has lived in Berlin for more than 30 years. He is a founding and board member of the NGO Berlin Postkolonial e.V. which has worked for the recognition of German colonial history in the capital and elsewhere. Mzee Mboro has led guided tours in Berlin's so-called "African quarter". He supports a change of perspective in urban memorialization, advocating for the renaming of streets that still honour colonial officers so that these rather remember figures of anticolonial resistance. Mboro's work also strongly focuses on the repatriation of human remains looted in colonized countries like Tanzania and brought to Europe and Germany for racist research. Serafino Liduino is a Mhehe, descendant of the Ngimba family, who lives in Iringa, Tanzania. He guides tourists and researchers through the numerous historical sites in the Uhehe region and works in close partnership with the local organization for heritage management and preservation Fahari Yetu.
2009
In broad terms, this research will look into the origin of the Thokoza memorial, its construction process and unveiling with view to determine how the memorialisation succeeded in the midst of historic divisions in the township. As a point of departure, the research will seek to shed light on the violent period of the early 1990s in the former Witwatersrand area, with focus on the townships of Katlehong, Thokoza and Vosloorus (KATORUS). The three townships are part of the former East Rand (Ekhuruleni metropolitan Council) in the Gauteng Province. The aim of including a short history of the violence in the research is to provide background information which will help the reader to get a sense of perspective on the memorialisation process that took place thereafter. As part of tracing the origin of the memorial, the research will try to determine who the actual originators of the idea of a memorial were, what motivated their decision, and how the whole idea and process were negotiated...
Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae (SHE), 2015
The missionary discourse in Afrikaner Reformed Christianity has been controversial, because it is implicated in the development of early apartheid policies, which were subsequently implemented by National Party governments. This article does not directly concern itself with apartheid, however, but rather with the ideological backdrop against which this policy developed, i.e. Afrikaner nationalism. Afrikaner nationalism was deeply informed by a mythological reconstruction of the Voortrekkers as ideal Afrikaners. For this reason, the 1938 ox-wagon centenary Trek was a formative occasion in Afrikaner, and university of south africa university of south africa
Unmasking the heroes : sources of power in Afrikaner mythologising
1998
Unmasking the heroes: sources of power in Afrikaner mythologising is a personal, visual and theoretical exploration of the underlying sources of power which governed the development of Afrikaner nationalism, particularly the years spanning the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The practical work, a series of drawings and relief cutouts , sets out to unmask the beliefs, customs, traditions and attitudes particular to Afrikaner culture. It does so through the processes of deconstruction and reconstruction of selected mass mediated images whereby different symbolic paradigms are juxtaposed through the devices of collage and allegory to uncover layers of meaning. This art-making approach was informed by theoretical and visual research into the tradition of Western mythology, including related topics such as linguistics, psychology and sociology, Afrikaner history and historiography, and the mechanisms of contemporary cultural reproduction, particularly the South African mass media and fine arts.
Memorial Politics: Challenging the Dominant Party's Narrative in Namibia
Greater international attention to human rights, particularly genocide, has offered activists opportunities to draw on transnational networks and norms. Many examples have been documented of the varying successes of domestic movement organisations employing international support. Much less attention has been paid to cases lacking signi!cant organisations, but small groups and even individuals can draw attention to their demands if they effectively engage transnational interest. Genocide offers a particularly potent means of generat- ing attention. Namibia is engaged in domestic debates over crimes committed by German forces over a century ago. In a country with no large opposition party and no signi!cant social movement mobilisation, a number of relatively small groups of activists are indirectly challenging the power of the dominant party by correcting its one-sided narrative of the country’s anti-colonial heroes. German efforts to respond to crimes committed in the past offer further opportunities for activists to draw attention to heroes and histories beyond those celebrated by the dominant party.
Cultural heritage and histories of the Northern Namib
Future Pasts Working Paper Series, 2021
This report shares documented information for Indigenous cultural heritage and histories associated with the Northern Namib, designated since 1971 as the Skeleton Coast National Park. The paper draws on two principal sources of information: 1) historical documents stretching back to the late 1800s; and 2) oral history research with now elderly people who have direct and familial memories of using and living in areas now within the Park boundary. The research shared herein affirms that localities and resources now included within the Park were used by local people in historical times, their access linked with the availability of valued foods, especially !nara (Acanthosicyos horridus) melons and marine foods such as mussels. Memories about these localities, resources and heritage concerns such as graves of family members remain alive for some individuals and their families today. These concerns retain cultural resonance in the contemporary moment, despite significant access constraints over the last several decades. Suggestions are made for foregrounding an understanding of the Northern Namib as a remembered cultural landscape as well as an area of high conservation value, and for protecting and perhaps restoring some access to sites that may be considered of significant cultural heritage value. Such sites include graves of known ancestors and named and remembered former dwelling places. The material shared here may contribute to a diversified recognition of values for the Skeleton Coast National Park for the new Management Plan that will shape ecological and heritage conservation practice and visitor experiences over the next 10 years. Key words. Northern Namib; on-site oral history; cultural landscapes; Indigenous histories; Khoekhoegowab; !nara (Acanthosicyos horridus); Skeleton Coast National Park; Namibia
I invite you to join me on a tour of monuments and places of memory in South Africa. Based on personal experiences, observations and reflections, the paper takes you from Cape Town with its statue of Jan van Riebeeck to the Voortrekker Monument and Freedom Park in Pretoria, with a brief detour to the German Settler's Monument in East London. On the one hand, we ask whether monuments and memorials that commemorate European influence in South Africa are still relevant today. On the other hand, we take a critical look at new monuments such as Freedom Park in Pretoria, which provides new perspectives on South African heritage.
Sources of Power in Afrikaner Mythologising
1998
Unmasking the heroes: sources of power in Afrikaner mythologising is a personal, visual and theoretical exploration of the underlying sources of power which governed the development of Afrikaner nationalism, particularly the years spanning the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The practical work, a series of drawings and relief cutouts , sets out to unmask the beliefs, customs, traditions and attitudes particular to Afrikaner culture. It does so through the processes of deconstruction and reconstruction of selected mass mediated images whereby different symbolic paradigms are juxtaposed through the devices of collage and allegory to uncover layers of meaning. This art-making approach was informed by theoretical and visual research into the tradition of Western mythology, including related topics such as linguistics, psychology and sociology, Afrikaner history and historiography, and the mechanisms of contemporary cultural reproduction, particularly the South African mass media and fine arts.