The Histological Effect of Potassium Bromate on the Cerebellum of Adult Wistar Rats (original) (raw)
Related papers
Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Potassium Bromate-fed Rats
2016
The present study aimed to clarify the toxic effect of potassium bromate in Wister albino rats. Eighteen 60days-old, rats were allotted at random to three groups. The first group served as control, and the other groups received potassium bromate dietary at doses of 300 and 600mg /kg body weight for 8 weeks. The results revealed that there was no death through the period of the study of 8 weeks. There was no significant change (P<0.05) in the body weights and organs weights of all groups during the first 30 days but there was significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weights and significant increase in kidney, liver and brain weights for the group treated with 600 mg/kg of potassium bromate. There was also a significant increase (P<0.05) in the kidney weight for the group treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate compared with the control group. Significant increases of urea, creatinine and albumins levels beside significant decreases in Package Cell Volume (PCV), ...
Hepatotoxic Effects of Potassium Bromate on Adult Wistar Rats
Objective: We aimed to demonstrate the histopathologic effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3) on the liver cells of rats following oral administration. Method: Twenty young Wistar rats of weights 196-215g were divided into four groups. The control group A was orally administered with 1ml of distilled water daily; the experimental groups B, C and D were orally administered with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight/day dosages of KBrO3 for 35 days. Both the control and experimental groups were sacrificed using the chloroform inhalation method at the end of study period.Results: Rats which received 200 mg kg -1 b.wt. of KBrO3 died within the 20th day of administration. The body weights were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the experimental groups from the 3 rd to the 5 th week of study while the relative weight of their liver were not affected compared to the control group. Histopathological examination of the experimental groups indicated; little sinusoidal dilatation in rats treated with 50 mg kg -1 b.wt. of KBrO3; hepatic vacuolation, large sinusoidal dilatation, degenerative changes and cellular congestion in rats, which received 100, 200 mg kg -1 b.wt. of KBrO3 compared with the control group, which maintained normal kidney tissues. These histological alterations appeared marked in rats administered with 200 mg kg -1 b.wt. of KBrO3.Conclusion: The present study indicated dose-dependent, histopathologic effects on the liver cells of rats administered with KBrO3. Our findings therefore suggest that chronic KBrO3 consumption may put the liver at some risk of adverse histopathological conditions.
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
Aim: To monitor the effects of dosage and duration of administering KBrO3 on some electrolytes and hepatorenal parameters in male albino Wistar rats. Study Design: 24 rats, mean weight of 181.3 g were grouped into 4 with 6 rats of each. Experiment spanned over 12 days. In the control group, animals were fed standard diet. Animals in the test groups were fed diet containing 67, 100 and 167 mg/kg dose of KBrO3 according to body weight. 2 rats from each group were sacrificed on the 4th, 8th and 12th days. Place and Duration of Study: University of Jos; 1 month including writing the report. Methods: Spectrophotometric and titrimetric techniques were applied. InStat3 statistical software was used to analyse the data obtained. P≤.05 was considered significant. Results: on the 4th day at 67mg/kg dose, showed raised serum activities (IU) of ALT, 41.0±9.6, and AST, 130.2±31.53, (P=.05). At 100 mg/kg dose, serum activities of ALT, 52.12±1.12, AST, 180.0±0.41, and level (g/L) of Total Proteins...
Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
In this work, we developed a simple spectrophotometric strategy for BrO 3 À ions determination as a major water disinfection constituents in the mice's liver tissues by using pararosaniline (PRA). Mice were divided into seven main groups (6 doses): lowest dose KBrO 3 (G 1 0.01 mg L À1 , G 2 0.025 mg L À1 and G 3 0.1 mg L À1), highest dose KBrO 3 (G 4 1 mg L À1 , G 5 10 mgÁL À1 and G 6 30 mg L À1) and control. All these groups maintained a dose-specific feeding for one month, just before the bromate assessment in mice's liver samples. The results revealed that groups of exposure to lower doses of drinking water did not detect the presence of BrO 3 À accumulated in the liver tissue during the study period (1-2 months). While, the BrO 3 À was detected in higher dosages for samples analyzed in first, second, third, fourth and fifth weeks (W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , and W 5). These results confirmed that the higher BrO 3 À dosages (1, 10, and 30 mg L À1) were fatal if introduced in drinking water and could accumulate in the liver tissues both for mice and for human. Detection the accuracy of the method for recovery of bromate ions in liver samples (N ¼ 5) was found to be more than 95%. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be less than 2.0% confirming the reproducibility of the assay technique.
Enzyme Activities and Histopathology of Selected Tissues in Rats Treated with Potassium bromate
The effect of chronic administration of potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ), a flour improver, on some 'marker' enzymes of rat cellular system was investigated. The levels of these enzymes were measured progressively in the kidney, liver and small intestine, 24h after days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 following the administration of 10mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate and when left for 10days without administration after their 20 daily doses. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities of all the tissues were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in KBrO 3 treated groups with corresponding significant (P<0.05) increase in the serum enzymes. Acid phosphatase (ACP) activities of all the tissues as well as the serum enzyme activities were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. There was only recovery in the ACP activities of all the tissues. Histological examination revealed congestion of the central vein with blood cells in the hepatocytes, infiltration of the interstitial cells accompanied with acute nephritis in the nephrons and mild mucosal dysfunction in the small intestine. The alterations in the 'marker' enzymes as well as in the tissue histology are indications of adverse effect of potassium bromate on the cells which might be due to the presence of oxygen in the molecule leading to oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the ordered lipid bilayer of cell membranes. All these might be responsible for the various adverse effects associated with the chemical compound. (Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 11: 87-95)
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2002
The pharmacokinetics of a multidose regimen of potassium bromide (KBr) administration in normal dogs was examined. KBr was administered at 30 mg ⁄ kg p.o. q 12 h for a period of 115 days. Serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bromide (BR) concentrations were measured at the onset of dosing, during the accumulation phase, at steady-state, and after a subsequent dose adjustment. Median elimination half-life and steady-state serum concentration were 15.2 days and 245 mg ⁄ dL, respectively. Apparent total body clearance was 16.4 mL ⁄ day ⁄ kg and volume of distribution was 0.40 L ⁄ kg. The CSF:serum BR ratio at steady-state was 0.77. Dogs showed no neurologic deficits during maintenance dosing but significant latency shifts in waves I and V of the brainstem auditory evoked response were evident. Following a subsequent dose adjustment, serum BR concentrations of approximately 400 mg ⁄ dL were associated with caudal paresis in two dogs. Estimated halflife during the accumulation phase was shorter than elimination half-lives reported in other studies and was likely related to dietary chloride content. The range of steady-state concentrations achieved suggests individual differences in clearance and bioavailability between dogs. The described protocol reliably produced serum BR concentrations that are required by many epileptic patients for satisfactory seizure control.
Absorption and disposition of bromate in F344 rats
Toxicology, 2012
Bromate (BrO 3 −) is a ubiquitous by-product of using ozone to disinfect water containing bromide (Br −). The reactivity of BrO 3 − with biological reductants suggests that its systemic absorption and distribution to target tissues may display non-linear behavior as doses increase. The intent of this study is to determine the extent to which BrO 3 − is systemically bioavailable via oral exposure and broadly identify its pathways of degradation. In vitro experiments of BrO 3 − degradation in rat blood indicate a rapid initial degradation immediately upon addition that is >98% complete at concentrations up to 66 M in blood. As initial concentrations are increased, progressively lower fractions are lost prior to the first measurement. Secondary to this initial loss, a slower and predictable first order degradation rate was observed (10%/min). Losses during both phases were accompanied by increases in Br − concentrations indicating that the loss of BrO 3 − was due to its reduction. In vivo experiments were conducted using doses of BrO 3 − ranging from 0.077 to 15.3 mg/kg, administered intravenously (IV) or orally (gavage) to female F344 rats. The variable nature and uncertain source of background concentrations of BrO 3 − limited derivation of terminal half-lives, but the initial half-life was approximately 10 min for all dose groups. The area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentrations (C t=5) were linearly related to IV dose up to 0.77 mg/kg; however, disproportionate increases in the AUC and C t=5 and a large decrease in the volume of distribution was observed when IV doses of 1.9 and 3.8 mg/kg were administered. The average terminal half-life of BrO 3 − from oral administration was 37 min, but this was influenced by background levels of BrO 3 − at lower doses. With oral doses, the AUC and C max increased linearly with dose up to 15.3 mg BrO 3 − /kg. BrO 3 − appeared to be 19-25% bioavailable without an obvious dose-dependency between 0.077 and 1.9 mg/kg. The urinary elimination of BrO 3 − and Br − was measured from female F344 rats for four days following administration of single doses of 8.1 mg KBrO 3 /kg and for 15 days after a single dose of 5.0 mg KBr/kg. BrO 3 − elimination was detected over the first 12 h, but Br − elimination from BrO 3 − over the first 48 h was 18% lower than expected based on that eliminated from an equimolar dose of Br − (15.5 ± 1.6 vs. 18.8 ± 1.2 mol/kg, respectively). The cumulative excretion of Br − from KBr vs. KBrO 3 was equivalent 72 h after administration. The recovery of unchanged administered BrO 3 − in the urine ranged between 6.0 and 11.3% (creatinine corrected) on the 27th day of treatment with concentrations of KBrO 3 of 15, 60, and 400 mg/L of drinking water. The recovery of total urinary bromine as Br − + BrO 3 − ranged between 61 and 88%. An increase in the fraction of the daily BrO 3 − dose recovered in the urine was observed at the high dose to both sexes. The deficit in total bromine recovery raises the possibility that some brominated biochemicals may be produced in vivo and more slowly metabolized and eliminated. This was supported by measurements of dose-dependent increases of total organic bromine (TOBr) that was eliminated in the urine. The role these organic by-products play in BrO 3 −-induced cancer remains to be established.
The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2023
Background Allium cepa is well-known for its antioxidant capabilities and contains potent antioxidant quercetin (3, 30, 4, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone). We investigated the therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of Allium cepa (AEAC) that is quercetin-rich against potassium bromate (KBrO3)-induced oxidative damage in the brains of male Wistar rats using biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histological markers. For 90 days, 40 male Wistar rats were administered KBrO3, KBrO3 + AEAC, and/or quercetin on alternate days, or AEAC and quercetin alone. Results KBrO3 significantly (p > 0.05) suppressed and diminished antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activities with notable decreased total protein levels. Additionally, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA and NO), as well as DNA fragmentation, all increased significantly (p > 0.05). The immunohistochemical expression of P53, caspase 3, and COX2 protein also increased significantly in the cerebral cortex of the KBrO3-treated groups, but BCL-2 protein expression decreased significantly. Histological examination of brain tissues revealed patterns that corresponded to the enzyme markers. The effects of KBrO3 were all attenuated by the administration of AEAC and quercetin. Conclusions This research demonstrates the therapeutic effects of Allium cepa on KBrO3-induced oxidative stress, and biochemical perturbation in the brain of Rattus norvegicus. Even though the exact mechanism of action of Allium cepa at the molecular level cannot be completely deduced from the results presented above, it could possibly be due to a combination of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic mechanisms. Further studies are required to examine the molecular pathways responsible for these aforementioned therapeutic effects.
A systematic review of the safety of potassium bromide in dogs
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2012
Objective-To critically evaluate and summarize available information on the safety of potassium bromide in dogs. Design-Systematic review. Sample-111 references reporting safety information relevant to potassium bromide published between 1938 and 2011. Procedures-PubMed searches without date limitations were conducted with the terms "potassium bromide" and "sodium bromide" in December 2009 and October 2011. Additional articles were identified through examination of article reference lists and book chapters on seizures in dogs and pharmacology. Results-Reversible neurologic signs were the most consistently reported toxicoses and were generally associated with adjunctive potassium bromide treatment or high serum bromide concentrations. Dermatologic and respiratory abnormalities were rare in dogs. Insufficient information was available to assess the effects of potassium bromide on behavior or to determine the incidence of vomiting, weight gain, polyphagia, pancreatitis, polyuria, polydipsia, or reproductive abnormalities associated with potassium bromide administration. Evidence suggested that administration of potassium bromide with food may alleviate gastrointestinal irritation and that monitoring for polyphagia, thyroid hormone abnormalities, and high serum bromide concentrations may be beneficial. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that potassium bromide is not an appropriate choice for treatment of every dog with seizures and that practitioners should tailor therapeutic regimens and clinical monitoring to each dog. Abrupt dietary changes or fluid therapy may compromise seizure control or increase the likelihood of adverse events. Availability of an appropriately labeled, approved potassium bromide product could provide better assurance for veterinarians and their clients of the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the product for veterinary use.
Research Journal of Health Sciences, 2020
Objective: Potential combined nephrotoxic effect following simultaneous administration of two food additives: potassium bromate (PBR) (20 mg/kg of body weight, twice weekly) and sodium nitrite (SNT) (60mg/kg of body weight as a single dose) orally was investigated. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was assessed by determining urea, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations in the serum. In addition, concentrations of nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, total thiol, malondialdehyde and activities of arginase, adenosine deaminase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione perioxidase in the kidney were investigated. Results: The results revealed that individual exposure to PBR or SNT significantly induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats however, this was enhanced by co-exposure as evidenced by significant alteration in these kidney markers when compared with the control. Conclusion: This study accentuates the risk of enhanced nephrotoxicity in food containing both additives. Ke...