Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2-(arylsulfonyl)oxiranes as Cell-permeable Covalent Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (original) (raw)
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Covalent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of 107 signaling enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic removal of phosphate groups from tyrosine residues in a target protein. The phosphorylation status of tyrosine residues on proteins serve as a ubiquitous mechanism for cellular signal transduction. Aberrant function of PTPs can lead to many human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. As the number of disease relevant PTPs increases, there is urgency in developing highly potent inhibitors that are selective towards specific PTPs. Most current efforts have been devoted to the development of active site-directed and reversible inhibitors for PTPs. This review summarizes recent progress made in the field of covalent inhibitors to target PTPs. Here, we discuss the in vivo and in vitro inactivation of various PTPs by small molecule-containing electrophiles, such as Michael acceptors, a-halo ketones, epoxides, and isothiocyanates, etc. as well as oxidizing agents. We also suggest potential strategies to transform these electrophiles into isozyme selective covalent PTP inhibitors.
Calixarene-based phosphinic acids as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2019
In the present work, the derivatives of calix[4]arene, thiacalix[4]arene, and sulfonylcalix[4]arene bearing four methylene(phenyl)phosphinic acid groups on the upper rim of the macrocycle were synthesized and studied as inhibitors of human protein tyrosine phosphatases. The inhibitory capacities of the three compounds towards PTP1B were higher than those for protein tyrosine phosphatases TC-PTP, MEG1, MEG2, and SHP2. The most potent sulfonylcalix[4]arene phosphinic acid displayed K i value of 32 nM. The thiacalix[4]arene phosphinic acid was found to be a low micromolar inhibitor of PTP1B with selectivity over the other PTPs. The kinetic experiments showed that the inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme. Molecular docking was performed to explain possible binding modes of the calixarenebased phosphinic inhibitors of PTP1B.
The assessment of sulfonylcalix[4]arene derivatives as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases
Žurnal organìčnoï ta farmacevtičnoï hìmìï, 2018
The assessment of sulfonylcalix[4]arene derivatives as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases Aim. To compare sulfonylcalix[4]arene derivatives containing ionizable or non-ionizable substituents at the upper rim of the macrocycle as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and other PTPs. Results and discussion. The properties of sulfonylcalix[4]arene with four phosphonic acid groups introduced at the upper rim were compared with those of the macrocycles containing four non-ionizable tert-butyl or trifluoroacetamide functions. The sulfonylcalix[4]arene tetrakis-methylphosphonic acid was found to inhibit PTP1B with IC 50 value in the low-micromolar range without selectivity over other PTPs, such as TC-PTP, MEG1, MEG2, SHP2, and PTPβ. At the same time, modification of sulfonylcalix[4]arene with trifluoroacetamide substituents led to inhibition of PTP1B with IC 50 of 1.4 μM and 4-to 28 fold selectivity over the other PTPs. In order to understand the ability of inhibiting PTP1B by sulfonylcalix[4]arene with introduced trifluoroacetamide groups the molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed. The inhibition mechanism was discussed. Experimental part. The activities of the test compounds in vitro were examined spectrophotometrically measuring the rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate of PTPs. The molecular docking was performed by AutoDock Vina. Conclusions. This study can start an approach to develop new inhibitors of PTPs by variations in the nonionogenic substituents on the upper rim of sulfonylcalix[4]arene scaffold.
2014
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate the phosphorylation state of many important signaling molecules and are increasingly viewed as integral components of signal transduction cascades. PTPs have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and thus have been extensively explored as a potential therapeutic target. This thesis explores the functional components required for engineering novel modalities to successfully target protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), the most well studied member of the large family of PTPs. In the first part of this thesis, a screen of a library of compounds identified potent salicylic acid inhibitors with promising single digit micromolar activity. In silico computational analysis drove the design and synthesis of a second generation of disalicylic acid inhibitors, and new, more selective and potent inhibitors have been identified. The second part of this thessis explores the first ever application of artificially induced protein-membrane anchors designed to target PTPs. iii Contributions of Authors The work described within this dissertation has been reported in two peer-reviewed publications. The introduction is an original composition. Chapters 2, and 3 are based heavily on my published or in preparation manuscripts. The final chapter consists of my own concluding thoughts and reflections.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Prospective Target against Cancer: A Mini Review
Cancer Surgery, 2017
Contemporary quantum leap on functional characterization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) superfamily provides an incipient perspective on regulating signal transduction. PTPs are required in the regulation of several cellular processes; especially under stressed and pathogenic conditions leading to sundry human diseases. Concrete inhibition of PTP by oxyanions and active-site directed inhibitors (alkylating agents) may provide implements for human disease treatment involving them. The physiological paramountcy for the advancement of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-receptor Type 1 (PTP1B)-predicated therapeutics is a prominent target for diabetes and inordinate corpulence treatment. PTPs are exhilarating quarry for active-site-mediated inhibitors generation. There, proneness to oxidation often create problem on high throughput screens, further the propensity for highly charged potent inhibitors, like non-hydrolysable pTyr mimetics, test with reverence to bioavailability. Subsequent preliminary concerns about specificity and quandaries with deference to hydrophilicity of phosphormimetics, promising successes attained by structure-predicated drug design, mainly the one exploit identical surface topology circumventing the catalytic pocket of each PTP. In PTP1B, it was found that a particular pTyr binding site could be habituated to succeed highly concrete bidentate inhibitors that bind both sites. This conventional approach can avail us to target highly categorical and efficacious inhibitors. Tyrosine phosphorylation increases 1-2% of total protein phosphorylation in tumorigenic transformation or magnification factor simulation essential for a controlled cellular event. This event is controlled by two molecular switches of enzymes protein tyrosine kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase. Eccentric tyrosine phosphorylation is considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer. PTP has been recommended as next generation drug targets and a sum of PTP have been embroiled in sundry human disease, like cancer. The catalytic mechanism of PTP was demystified by site-directed mutagenesis then kinetic analyses with structural information. They have loss/ gain of function in cancer signaling events leading to dearth of inhibitors to control gain of function including modification of loss of function of PTP cognate genes. This review is about the consequentiality of tyrosine phosphatase enzyme and its role in the mundane cellular event and how it modifies the active site to agonise substrate and alter its action ultimately leading to tumorigenesis.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2003
Monoacid-based PTP1B inhibitors with improved physiochemical properties have been investigated. A (2-hydroxyphenoxy) acetic acid-based phosphotyrosyl mimetic has been linked with an optimized second arylphosphate binding site ligand to produce compound 20 with low micromolar potency against PTP1B, good selectivity over TCPTP (20-fold) and high cell permeability in the Caco-2 system. #
Druggability analysis and classification of protein tyrosine phosphatase active sites
Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2016
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) play important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The fact that no PTP inhibitors have reached the market so far has raised many questions about their druggability. In this study, the active sites of 17 PTPs were characterized and assessed for its ability to bind drug-like molecules. Consequently, PTPs were classified according to their druggability scores into four main categories. Only four members showed intermediate to very druggable pocket; interestingly, the rest of them exhibited poor druggability. Particularly focusing on PTP1B, we also demonstrated the influence of several factors on the druggability of PTP active site. For instance, the open conformation showed better druggability than the closed conformation, while the tight-bound water molecules appeared to have minimal effect on the PTP1B druggability. Finally, the allosteric site of PTP1B was found to exhibit superior druggability compared to the catalytic pocket. This analysis can prove useful in the discovery of new PTP inhibitors by assisting researchers in predicting hit rates from high throughput or virtual screening and saving unnecessary cost, time, and efforts via prioritizing PTP targets according to their predicted druggability.
5-Arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2007
4-(5-Arylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)methylbenzoic acids (2) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of PTP1B and LMW-PTP, two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) which act as negative regulators of the metabolic and mitotic signalling of insulin. The synthesis of compounds 2 represents an example of utilizing phosphotyrosine-mimetics to identify effective low molecular weight nonphosphorus inhibitors of PTPs. Several thiazolidinediones 2 exhibited PTP1B inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range with moderate selectivity for human PTP1B and IF1 isoform of human LMW-PTP compared with other related PTPs.