Biocharacteristics of iProstephanus truncatus/i attracted to flight traps baited with aggregation pheromone (original) (raw)
Related papers
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1998
Flight traps and crevice traps for catching Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky were studied in Kenya. The traps were baited with pheromones of these beetles, with or without synthetic maize volatiles. In the case of P. truncatus, which has a two component pheromone consisting of Trunc-call 1 (T1) and Trunc-call 2 (T2), the components were tested singly or in a 1:1 combination. The addition of synthetic maize volatiles to pheromone traps did not result in an increase in trap catch of either S. zeamais or P. truncatus. The pheromone of S. zeamais was an effective lure in both crevice and flight traps but the actual numbers captured were low. Captures with traps baited for P. truncatus were much greater. The response of P. truncatus to the two components of its pheromone was affected by the type of trap used. Crevice traps baited with either component alone caught fewer beetles than those baited with a mixture. In contrast, flight traps baited with T2 or t...
1996
Higher flight activity has been observed in aged, high-density cultures of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), but adults in new, lowdensity culture jars showed less flight activity. In order to understand this change in behavior, the effects of population density, age, resource quality, and sex on the flight of P. truncatus were studied in a wind tunnel. While an immediate density on the release platform had no significant effect on flight, beetles from high-density cultures were more inclined to fly than those from low-density cultures. Resource quality exerted a major influence on flight; insects in food suitable for boring and oviposition seldomly exhibited flight, however, when food was absent or of inferior quality for boring and oviposition, the dominant behavior was flight. Also, insects maintained for a week in food suitable for boring and oviposition were less ready to fly than those maintained in food unsuitable for boring and oviposition. The optimum age range for flight activity was before the peak of reproduction and insects rarely flew before 4 days or after 32 days of emergence. There were no significant differences between the flight activity of males and that of females. Based on these results, we conclude that age and resource quality are major influences on the flight activity of P. truncatus and a hypothesis is proposed in which reproductively active male and female beetles disperse from habitats of low resource quality to those that support their reproductive behavior. The practical implications of these results and the possible role of the male-produced aggregation pheromone are discussed.
Suitability of Wild Host Plants and Firewood as Hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Mozambique, 2019
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations are maintained in wild host plants such as trees that act as pest reservoirs from where beetle infestation of maize granaries take place. In this study, we assessed the suitability of plant species sold and transported as firewood as well as other plant species in Mozambique as hosts for P. truncatus. Prostephanus truncatus was only recorded from three tree species, which are sold as firewood, i.e., Brachystegia spiciformis, Strychnos spinosa, and Colophospermum mopane. The pest survived and bred in 13 tree and 7 grass species. Dry wood of several tree species and the grasses Acroceras macrum and Hyparrhenia hirta were suitable hosts for pest development. Sale and transport of certain firewood species may be an important driver of the spread of this pest. The importance of dry maize stalks and several grass species in sustaining pest populations is described for the first time. Several grass species are used as thatch or fencing material and, together with maize crop residues close to small-scale granaries, may provide significant sources of beetle infestation.
Journal of Stored Products Research, 1996
Studies were conducted on the effect of age and sex on the response of Prostephunus truncatus (Horn) to its male-produced pheromone using a laboratory walking bioassay. P. truncatus adults responded to pheromone from two days of age, but the level of response significantly decreased gradually from 2-10 days of age: newly-emerged, younger beetles seemed to respond more quickly and stay longer in the vicinity of pheromone soorce than older beetles. There was no significant effect of sex in the level of response to pheromone. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the pheromone: a feeding-based role. The practical implications of the findings on the pest's monitoring using pheromone-baited traps are also highlighted. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Key &to&-larger grain borer, Prostephunus truncutus, aggregation pheromone, response, walking bioassay
Nonagricultural Hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in a West African Forest
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2004
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is an important insect pest on stored maize, Zea mays L., and cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in Africa, but weekly pheromone-baited trap catches in West and East Africa exceeding 1000 individuals suggest that this insect is also well established in nonagricultural areas. The magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches on the African continent emphasizes the importance of looking into the nonagricultural hosts of P. truncatus, because "wild" P. truncatus populations may be a threat to nearby food storage systems. In this study, we used a combination of 1) laboratory no-choice rearing tests on forest branches, roots, and seeds; 2) a behavioral experiment; 3) a review of published studies on the spatial ecology and host range of P. truncatus; and 4) a comparison of estimated P. truncatus production from potential forest hosts with the magnitude of pheromone trap catches, to discuss the possible role of different hosts in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa. In no-choice tests, we evaluated the ability of P. truncatus to attack and reproduce on 1) fresh branches from 26 plant species, 2) dry branches from 13 species, 3) fresh roots from 18 species, 4) dry roots from two species, and 5) seeds from four species. Heavy attacks occurred on fresh branches from 11 tree species and fresh roots from four tree species. High reproductive rate was found on branches from four species and on roots from two species, and P. truncatus reproduction was also observed on teak, Tectona grandis Linn. F., seeds. We provided rough estimates of P. truncatus populations from different forest hosts and compared them with the spatial distribution pattern and the magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches in a West African forest. The results from this study underscored the importance of further research into the possible role of girdled branches of Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) Keay (Anacardiaceae), forest seeds, and roots in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa.
Nonagricultural Hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in a West African Forest
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2004
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is an important insect pest on stored maize, Zea mays L., and cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in Africa, but weekly pheromone-baited trap catches in West and East Africa exceeding 1000 individuals suggest that this insect is also well established in nonagricultural areas. The magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches on the African continent emphasizes the importance of looking into the nonagricultural hosts of P. truncatus, because "wild" P. truncatus populations may be a threat to nearby food storage systems. In this study, we used a combination of 1) laboratory no-choice rearing tests on forest branches, roots, and seeds; 2) a behavioral experiment; 3) a review of published studies on the spatial ecology and host range of P. truncatus; and 4) a comparison of estimated P. truncatus production from potential forest hosts with the magnitude of pheromone trap catches, to discuss the possible role of different hosts in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa. In no-choice tests, we evaluated the ability of P. truncatus to attack and reproduce on 1) fresh branches from 26 plant species, 2) dry branches from 13 species, 3) fresh roots from 18 species, 4) dry roots from two species, and 5) seeds from four species. Heavy attacks occurred on fresh branches from 11 tree species and fresh roots from four tree species. High reproductive rate was found on branches from four species and on roots from two species, and P. truncatus reproduction was also observed on teak, Tectona grandis Linn. F., seeds. We provided rough estimates of P. truncatus populations from different forest hosts and compared them with the spatial distribution pattern and the magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches in a West African forest. The results from this study underscored the importance of further research into the possible role of girdled branches of Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) Keay (Anacardiaceae), forest seeds, and roots in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa.
Scientia Agricola, 2005
Refinements in trap characteristics may improve ability to monitor and mass-trap beetles. Field assays were conducted in common bean fields to assess responses of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) to some trap characteristics. Golden yellow plastic cups (750 mL) traps caught more D. speciosa females and males than did clear traps. Carrot slices in Petri dishes baited with Lagenaria vulagaris L. powder (cucurbitacin source-0.28%) caught more beetles than did dishes with carrot alone. Dispensers for the floral volatile attractant 1,4-dimethoxybenze were also compared. Rubber septa dispenser attracted more beetles than did control (dental wicks saturated with acetone). Captures on dental wick, starch matrix and feminine pad dispensers were intermediate and did not differ from those on rubber septa and unbaited controls. Perforated bottle traps (2000 mL), when baited with the floral attractant, caught more beetles than did window bottle traps (both traps contained L. vulgaris powder) in most assessments done from two to ten days after trap placement in the field. Traps with the insecticide carbaryl captured more beetles than did traps without it, 2-4 and 8-10 days after trap placement in the field, but not in the remaining periods (0-2, 4-6 and 6-8 days). Traps baited with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene captured more beetles than did the unbaited ones in all assessments (each other day from two to ten days after trap placement in the field). Finally, similar amounts of beetles were captured using plastic bottle traps (2000 mL): perforated, window (both with cucurbitacin) and sticky (without cucurbitacin) traps, when were baited with the floral attractant.
Journal of Stored Products Research, 1996
The rate of production of aggregation pheromone by male larger grain borer beetles, Prostephunus truncutus (Horn), is greatly reduced in the presence of live, conspecific female beetles. A similar effect is observed in the absence of live female beetles when males are placed on maize that was previously infested with males and females, suggesting that it is due to some chemical residue left by tbe females. This was shown to persist for at least 15 days, to be involatile_ and not perceived by receptors on the antennae of the males. Attempts to extract the chemical(s) responsible and transfer it to a new substrate gave variable results. Extraction of previously-infested maize with bexane, ether, dichloromethane, butanone or water under different conditions probably did not remove the suppression effect, but Soxblet extraction with methanol did. However, when the resulting extract was recoated onto various substrates, no reduction in pheromone production by males could he demonstrated, suggesting that the methanol is extracting and/or destroying the chemical(s) responsible. Crown Copyright 0 1966 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021
The invasive larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), originating from Meso-America, is a devastating stored product pest of maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta). This species can destroy up to 40% of stored maize within four months. Despite four decades of research, P. truncatus has spread throughout Africa, while decimating maize and cassava production. Given the continuing problems with P. truncatus, the likelihood for its continued range expansion under climate change, and its status as a species of concern in many countries, the objective of this review was to provide an updated and comprehensive freely accessible record of the distribution and spread, biology, development, and ecology, host preferences, chemical ecology, detection, and monitoring, and management of P. truncatus. We conducted a search of the literature from 1911 to 2021 using Google Scholar and Web of Science to find all papers related to key search terms. We found that P. truncatus has been recorded in 36 countries across the globe, including 21 now in Africa. A recent predictive model found that the insect has been limited to tropical and subtropical regions but could likely spread to temperate regions as temperatures rise with climate change. Conspecifics respond to their two component, male-produced aggregation pheromone early after eclosion, but quickly switch to other cues as older adults. At close-range, P. truncatus may use food cues, but host volatiles are not involved in long-range host finding of commodities. Research on managing P. truncatus has mostly focused on chemical control to the detriment of other tactics, with the most promising tactic likely to be the different hermetic storage technologies. Many outstanding areas of basic behavior and ecology remain to be assessed for P. truncatus. We highlight specific areas that should be prioritized for further work in order to better manage and reduce the impact of this invasive insect pest.
Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2004
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is an important insect pest on stored maize, Zea mays L., and cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in Africa, but weekly pheromone-baited trap catches in West and East Africa exceeding 1000 individuals suggest that this insect is also well established in nonagricultural areas. The magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches on the African continent emphasizes the importance of looking into the nonagricultural hosts of P. truncatus, because "wild" P. truncatus populations may be a threat to nearby food storage systems. In this study, we used a combination of 1) laboratory no-choice rearing tests on forest branches, roots, and seeds; 2) a behavioral experiment; 3) a review of published studies on the spatial ecology and host range of P. truncatus; and 4) a comparison of estimated P. truncatus production from potential forest hosts with the magnitude of pheromone trap catches, to discuss the possible role of different hosts in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa. In no-choice tests, we evaluated the ability of P. truncatus to attack and reproduce on 1) fresh branches from 26 plant species, 2) dry branches from 13 species, 3) fresh roots from 18 species, 4) dry roots from two species, and 5) seeds from four species. Heavy attacks occurred on fresh branches from 11 tree species and fresh roots from four tree species. High reproductive rate was found on branches from four species and on roots from two species, and P. truncatus reproduction was also observed on teak, Tectona grandis Linn. F., seeds. We provided rough estimates of P. truncatus populations from different forest hosts and compared them with the spatial distribution pattern and the magnitude of pheromone-baited trap catches in a West African forest. The results from this study underscored the importance of further research into the possible role of girdled branches of Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) Keay (Anacardiaceae), forest seeds, and roots in the P. truncatus ecology in West Africa.