Principles, Application and Assessment in Soil Science (original) (raw)
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9TH Congress of the Soil Science Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina
An attempt was made to investigate the concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn in agricultural soils around the Meftah cement plant, Algeria. Forty soil samples were collected at two soil depths, 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. The soil samples were digested with the EPA method and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations ranged from 7.22 to 55.75 mg kg-1 for Cu, 16160.8 to 19742.2 mg kg-1for Fe and 44.46 to 200.26 mg kg-1for Zn. The magnitude of the mean concentration values indicated the following order: Fe >> Zn > Cu for both horizons. In accordance with the European guidelines, the mean concentrations of the analyzed metals did not exceed the threshold values for agricultural soils. Concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn in surface soils were higher than in subsurface soil samples. The enrichment factor (EF) was applied to assess the soil contamination. The enrichment factor values of Cu and Zn in studied soils ranged from 0.75 to ...
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Soil contamination has increased over the past few decades, mainly due to petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides application, industrial wastes, and human activities. Suitable and standardized monitoring and remediation strategies are required to minimize soil contamination. In this sense, in the most recent decade, there has been a developing innovative technology on the usage of residues and waste materials, originating from various industries, many remediation innovations (Chemical degradation, photo-degradation) and bioremediation to clean polluted soils.
Polish Journal of Soil Science
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VOL. XLVII/2 2014 PL ISSN 0079-2985 Abstract: The analysed area was used for industrial activity for over 130 years. During that time many pollutants (including heavy metals) have been emitted by industrial plants and infiltrated into the soil. This article presents the properties of the soil from industrial sites located in zielona Góra and analysis of its physical and chemical characteristics.1 Heavy metals are considered one of the most serious threats to both humans and the environment. Contamination of industrial areas with heavy metals is a phenomenon observed worldwide [15, 22]. in addition to heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, which are very harmful to plants and animals, nickel is also prevalent, although it shows reduced harmfulness [14, 20]. The amount and type of contaminants affecting the soil depends mainly on the type and technology of the associated production methods. in the study area in zielona Góra, welding technologies as well as painting and other technolo-...
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In present time, contamination of soils with heavy metals has become a serious problem for the ecosystem, which is caused not only by industrial wastes but also by natural reasons such as geological origin and other human impact e.g., agricultural activities. This study discussed the sources of heavy metals, their spatial distribution, and factors affecting mobilization or retention mechanisms in soils. Soil pH (soil acidity), clay content, and soil organic matter content were studied as the main properties affecting the behavior of heavy metals in soil formed under humid and subhumid coastal environmental conditions. For this purpose, 3395 soil samples were collected from agricultural lands in the central and eastern Black Sea Regions. The results show that agricultural soils in the region have medium texture, high organic matter content, and an acidic response. While the average concentration levels of total heavy metal contents were determined as Fe > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Co > Cd, the average levels of available heavy metal contents were Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Ni > Co > Cd > Cr in soil samples. When enrichment factor (EF) values of the soils were examined, the values of Cd and Pb were above 2, while the EF values of the other heavy metal elements were below 2; that is, they were classified as "deficiency to minimal enrichment." It was also found that the heavy metals Cu and Cd had the highest availability ratio values (AR). In addition, a path analysis was carried out to determine the effects of pH, clay content, and soil organic matter content on the behavior of heavy metals. Direct effects on extractable and total forms of heavy metals was ranked as pH > OM = Clay, while the impacts on EF and AR was ranked as OM > pH > Clay.
REGARDING THE LEVEL OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS (I)
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As regards the research methodology, this paper used the comparative method between the current legislation in force in the Member States of the European Union on the regulated standards for the content of heavy metals in soil. As we can see, the legislative regulations vary from country to country, and in Romania, the legislation is the most stringent in terms of one heavy metal, in special, Pb content in soil, compared to the other EU Member States. Finland imposes even higher restrictions for heavy metals such as Cd and Zn content. Dutch legislation is more permissive for essential metals than other EU Member States.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2008
This paper contributes to increase the knowledge of the contents and sources of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) to agricultural soils in Castellón province (Spain), a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. The surface horizons of 77 agricultural soils under vegetable crops were sampled and heavy metals were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) after microwave extraction using the USEPA 3051A method. Mean heavy metal contents were similar to those obtained in other areas of this region. However, heavy metal contents (e.g. Cr, Pb) in some soils were above the maximum limit set in the 86/278/CEE Directive. Multivariate analysis (correlation analysis and principal component analysis-PCA) was performed so as to identify the sources of heavy metals to soils. Co, Fe and Ni were highly correlated amongst them (r>0.800; p<0.01), whereas Cr and Mn were less correlated with Co, Fe and Ni (r>0.500; p<0.01). Other relationships among heavy metals (i.e. Cu, Pb and Zn) were also identified, although correlation coefficients were not so high as those among Co, Fe and Ni (r<0.500; p<0.01). Contents of Co, Fe, Mn and Ni were interpreted to be mainly associated with parent rocks corresponding to the first principal component (PC1). On the other hand, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were interpreted to be mainly related to anthropogenic activities and comprised the second (Pb and Zn) and the third (Cd and Cu) principal components (PC2 and PC3, respectively), designated as anthropogenic components. Remarkably, Cr appears to be related in the study area to both the lithogenic and the anthropogenic components. Lithogenic elements were highly correlated with soil properties. Positive relationships with CEC (r>0.200; p<0.05) and clay (r>0.400; p<0.01), and negative relationships with carbonates (r > −0.400; p < 0.01) and sand (r>−0.300; p<0.01) were observed. Anthropogenic elements were less correlated with soils properties, since these elements are generally more mobile because they form more soluble chemical species associated to anthropogenic sources. Particularly, no correlation was found between Cd and Zn and soil properties. These findings extend results achieved in other parts of the region, highlighting the need to set soil quality standards in order to declare soils affected by anthropogenic pollution, particularly in the case of anthropogenic metals such as Cd, Cu and Pb, and also Cr and Zn in some areas. Further knowledge from other areas in this region would improve the basis for proposing such standards at regional level, which is a priority objective in Europe according to the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection.