Refugees On The Move: Crisis and Response in Turkey and Europe - Contributor(s) Balkan, Erol (editor) Kutlu-Tonak, Zümray (editor) - "War, Migration, and Class" Kemal Vural Tarlan, Chapter 2 // pp. 38-63 (original) (raw)
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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND REFUGEES IN THE 21ST CENTURY A PERSPECTIVE OF TURKEY
2020
In addition to the Syrian Civil War, millions of people who are struggling with poverty, hunger, economic and political instability, famine and drought, and who have crossed borders to maintain their vital existence, have been moving from East to West, from North to South. Turkey is a country located in the heart of the phenomena of migration – a fundamental characteristic of human history – as well as of the global and regional crises. In line with her history, culture and social fabric, Turkey is home to the world’s largest immigrant/refugee/asylum-seeker population. The humanitarian aid delivered to these migrant groups constituting approximately 5% of the country’s population makes Turkey the largest donor country. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of immigrant groups within the borders of the country is disproportionate and the risk that this situation poses in terms of national security; the issues ranging from the events of theft and violence to child brides to polygamy, to various factors such as the impact on the social fabric of the country and the burden on the country’s economy within the scope of services such as education, health and social services should be carefully scrutinised. It should be questioned how long Turkey can sustain this situation, which assumes the responsibility and burden of the geographies that the developed/prosperous countries ignore, seem to be unable to hear and feel. Moreover, while dealing with a number of problems in human, political, social, cultural and economic fields, the current situation of Turkey, which is increasingly being alienated and tried to destabilize, shows the importance of this question. In particular, the psychological climate of the Turkish society and the social reactions that can be caused by the radical demographic and socio-cultural changes may cause some fractures and conflicts. Therefore, policies, and projects put forward in order to deal with the life/integration/ adaptation processes and to compensate for potential problems need to be produced on ‘’a common mind’’. Migration in Turkey is not only a matter of definition and classification but also a multi-disciplinary phenomenon that needs to be addressed within the framework of the relationship of understanding. This work, produced in different areas of theoretical and applied studies (such as History, Public Administration, Law, International Relations, Education, Economics, Sociology, Health Services, Geography, and Communication) discusses at length the phenomenon of migration in Turkey by combining historical and current views of: 1. In this course, Haluk Songur and Fatma Sırtkaya depict the course of migration in the historical process, which still preserves its importance in the present day, in terms of Turkish legal history and contemplation, and the reasons of migration from the Ottoman period to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, and how the state adopts a policy in the face of migration.2. In terms of “The Turkish Public Administration, Migration Policy and Organizational Structure: A Current Perspective”, Erdal Eke depicts the current status of migration policies and the migration organization formed within the framework of these policies especially after the 2000s. Within the scope of the study, especially after the Law No. 6458, the migration management is described at the central and local level and in 2018, the effects of changes related to the Presidential Government System on the management of migration are evaluated and an up-to-date perspective is drawn accordingly. 3. With her work entitled “The Validity of Status and the Validity of Local Integration as a Permanent Solution”, Arzu Güler evaluates the status of refugees and the refugees brought by the international protection law and questions the impact of this status on local integration. 4. With his work entitled “Humanitarian Diplomacy in the Turkish Foreign Policy and the Syria Crisis”, Adem Ali İren the humanitarian diplomacy process of the Turkish Republic on migration and the mobility of migration from Syria. The study underlines the fact that the Turkish Republic has become the real practitioner of humanitarian values by becoming the initiator and the main donor of humanitarian aid campaigns as well as being a mediator in the solution of the humanitarian crises and political problems in recent years. 5. Ahmet Yıldırım evaluates the policies and practices of the Ministry of National Education for the education of Syrian children who come to Turkey/to take refuge in terms of process management with the project entitled “Evaluation of The Policies of the Ministry of National Education in Terms of Process Management” on the axis of migration and refugees. 6. “Humanitarian Aid for Refugees: Turkey Dimension” with their work, Ahmet Songur and İbrahim Demirtaş try to describe the economic burden of education, health, social services undertaken by the Republic of Turkey as a result of migration in recent years through various statistics. 7. Hasan Hüseyin Aygül, with his work entitled “Experiences Relating to Refugees Labour Force Participation and Markets” addresses the employment areas and conditions of different migrant groups in Isparta, one of Turkey’s 62 satellite cities, and sets out the current problems of migrant groups based on market experience. 8. Fatih Kahraman, with his work entitled “The situation of Syrian Unaccompanied Refugee Children in Turkey”, discusses the situation of unaccompanied refugee children, one of the most influential groups of the civil war that continues since 2011 in Syria, within the framework of statistics of national and international institutions and studies on the issue.9. “The Effects of Migration on the Turkish Health System: On the Case of Syrian Asylum Seekers”, Osman Çöllü, discusses the effects of Syrian asylum seekers on the Turkish Health System through various statistics in terms of both individual and community health and health services.10. With their work entitled “Problems of Nursing Students Studying in the Province of Border, Kilis and Providing Healthcare to Syrian Patients in the Clinical Practice Area”, Çiçek-Korkmaz, Şekeroğlu and Bilgen, convey the health care conditions offered to Syrian refugees in Kilis, and the problems experienced by nursing students studying in the clinical practice areas in Kilis. 11. With her work entitled “A New Life Beyond the Border Syrian Asylum Seekers and The Geographical Effects of Migration: On The Case of Kilis”, Muazzez Harunoğulları reveals the Syrian refugee migration in Kilis, which is a border city and has almost as many Syrian refugees as its population, and the socio-spatial, cultural and economic effects of this migration, as well as the new social structure and problems that occur in the city. 12. With his work entitled “Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in Turkey: A Comparison of Online Media Discourses”, Rıza Ersin Öztürk compares the rhetoric developed by Hürriyet and Takvim online newspapers for refugees on a digital basis and ultimately asks whether the viewpoint on migration can be singularized. This book, which examines the phenomenon of migration from the perspective of the 21st century in a multidimensional way, provides contribution to the relevant literature as well as to the dynamism given by the collective power in scientific production and reveals the historical mission of Turkey. We would like to thank all of our authors who contributed to the creation of this book, Gülfem Dursun and especially the Nobel Publishing House (Nobel Yayınevi).
Globalization and Forced Migration the Case of Turkey
Ekonomik, Sosyal, Siyasal ve Kültürel Boyutlarıyla “GÖÇLERİN GELECEĞİ” Uluslararası Sempozyum, 2022
Massive cross-border forced migrations, which stem from violence, internal turmoil, security problems, economic collapse and disasters, stand out as one of the major crises of today’s global world. On account of displacement, an inherent part of migration is the experience of a humane encounter that both migrant and host societies are able to mutually experience. Analyzing the dimensions of this encounter and the areas of harmony, conflict and differing communal perspectives from a sociological point of view, it is clear that sound migration management is crucial. The largest Syrian migrant group in the world is hosted by Turkey, and thus it is no surprise to associate the word “Migrant” with Syrians in Turkey even though migrations from countries like Iraq and Afghanistan are still continuing. This study examines the attitudes of the public in Turkey on cross-border migration, which has become a global problem, and analyzes the social dynamics behind these attitudes. Documents and reports were analyzed for an overview of the migration experience of Syrians living in Turkey more than 10 years. This research has revealed several different attitudes towards the migrants, which are resulting in an increasing separation between the two communities. These attitudes indicate in addition to Turkey, the EU and the world in general should share the responsibilities of forced migration.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2015
Current civil war in Syria causes a mass population flow both within Syria and from there to out of Syria for a safety reason. Depending on the location of the turmoil in Syria map, Syrian passes the borders either with documented or undocumented. Of course the main destinations are safer neighbour countries. Currently Turkey has become the major host of Syrian refugees and according to the official figures around two million Syrian refugees are living in Turkey. This mass flow has produced so many problems such as living condition, broken families, lack of education for children, poverty and unemployment. This paper intends to make an introduction to the issue of the Syrian refugees in Turkey. Doing that I will present a brief theoretical explanation on why people migrate and then focus on Syria case, Syrian refugees in Turkey and their effects on labour market. Shortly, I can emphasise the lack of adequate data on that issue and the need more researches and data.
Turkey is the country that hosts highest number of refugees in the world. The paradigm of crisis nurtures and sustains legislation and policies in the field of migration and asylum in the country. Migration legislation of the Turkish state consists mainly of the subsequent codifications of its practice relating to different crises constructed around the mass influxes of migrants into its territory. This context of crisis determines not only the scope and content of the legislative and political measures but also shapes the structures of the institutions in the field of immigration. The second paradigm governing Turkish migration policies is ‘Europeanization.’ This paradigm materializes in the effort of the subsequent governments of Turkey to align national legislation with the two contradicting legal regimes governing migrants in Europe: the European Union’s migration regulations and the Council of Europe’s regime framed by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This chapter aims to study the dynamics of migration policies in Turkey and the self-interest of Turkish state as a motivating factor to its legal responses to refugee ‘crises.’
Continuity or Change in Turkey’s Mass Migration Policy: From 1989 émigrés to Syrian “guests”
As a country being a stage for a variety of migratory movements for many years, Turkey, until recently, did not have a comprehensive migration and asylum policy which takes into account of the realities of those movements and responds accordingly. The need for such policy has brought with it the efforts to develop a migration regime of which the new Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) is an essential element. The factors which played a role in the growing need for a migration and asylum policy are the increasing number of irregular migrants in the country and the deterioration of the Syrian refugee crisis. The lack of a comprehensive migration and asylum policy has loomed large when the country is a stage for mass migration movements.