A Novel Extraction Method and Some Physicochemical Properties of Extractives of Irvingia Gabonensis Seeds (original) (raw)
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Extraction and Chemical Composition of Seed Kernel Oil from Irvingia smithii of Congo Basin
Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2013
This study is part of a wider program on the development of oilseeds in the Congo Basin and its aim was to contribute to the knowledge of Irvingia smithii kernel by studying his chemical composition following the example of those of Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu. Irvingia smithii kernel, like those of Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu is multipurpose, however, less known than the latter. The assessment of oilseeds of the kernel of Irvingia smithii showed that it is oleaginous with fat contents of about 55%. The fatty acid profile established by gas chromatography showed that the lauric acid content is higher than that of myristic acid (% C12: 0>% C14: 0) and both have a percentage of the total fatty acid content of nearly 90%. Palmitic acid (C16: 0), the third major constituent has nearly 5%. Oleic (C18: 1) and capric (C10: 0) acids have significant levels and palmitoleic (C16: 1) and stearic (C18: 0) acids are to trace. Triacylglycerol profile established by liquid chromatography coupled to the Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) has three major TAG (% LaLaM >% LAMM >% LaLaLa), one minor TAG (MMM) and two TAG to trace (CLaLa and MMP). Fats of Irvingia smithii studied have levels of unsaponifiables ranging from 1.25 to 2.97% with the major components such as betasitosterol (36%) and stigmasterol (18%). For macronutrients, the most abundant element is Magnesium While the Iron is the least abundant with the following decreasing profile: Mg>P>Ca>Fe. Spectrometric assessment of color led to the remarkable presence of the peaks relating to the absorption of carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments located between 630 and 670 nm.
International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), 2018
In Ivory Coast, the seeds of Irvingia wombolu are widely consumed. For valorizing their important potential, a survey and a physicochemical study of the mature seeds were performed. The survey targeting the consumption of these seeds by the populations revealed that they hold a staple place in their food habits, as 96.6% of participants eat them. The reasons that justify such a level of consumption were cultural attachment and adoption of eating habit. Seeds are used as an additive for thickening of sauces and are very appreciated because of the pleasant flavor and slimy consistency. A small proportion (15.2%) of participants used them also for medical and cosmetic purposes. The main selection criteria for their purchase were the good sanitary quality and good smell (not fermented). Their price at the urban market was 110 CFA francs (15 seeds) during the harvest time and 145 CFA francs (12 seeds) off season, despite the lower quality. However, the percentage of participants eating the seeds off season remains high (80.1%). The physicochemical analysis of the seeds of I. wombolu collected from the region of ?Lagunes? revealed that they contained 69.44%, 19.05%, 12.37%, 4.10%, and 2.65% of crude fat, total carbohydrates, protein, ash, and moisture respectively, while those from the region of ?Fromager? consist of 70.56% (crude fat), 17.06% (total carbohydrates), 13.7% (protein), 4.23% (ash) and 2.66% (moisture). In-depth studies of the exact nature of fatty acids, protein and ash in seeds would better guide its use for the benefit of consumers.
Sustainable Agriculture Research
Irvingia (bush mango) species are economically important trees, but studies aimed at their prospect for domestication did not take into account the potential differences between members of the Genus. Hence fruit size, postharvest pathology and phytochemicals of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu were studied. Results showed that whilst the mean weight, length, width and thickness of fruits of I. gabonensis were 125.08g, 60.85mm, 62.66mm and 56.78mm, respectively, those obtained from I. wombolu were 86.08g, 54.23mm, 54.09mm and 50.97mm, respectively. Difference in brownish-black rot fruit disease between the two Irvingia species was not significant (P=0.05), but disease severity increased correspondingly with increase in storage days. Four genera of fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Mucor) were isolated from fruits of both Irvingia species, and I. wombolu was found to sustain a significantly lower fungal population (7.76E+07 cfu) than I. gabonensis (1.05E+08 cfu). High fungal population led to a correspondingly high severity of brownish-black rot disease. Fruits of both Irvingia species possessed all five phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glucosides). However, whilst both species had the same amounts of flavonoids and glycosides, I. wombolu possessed relatively higher amounts of alkaloids, saponins and tannins than I. gabonensis. I. wombolu may be the preferred choice if domestication would be based on phytochemicals. In like manner, I. gabonensis may be the preferred choice for domestication if taste, weight and size of fruits were the parameters of interest.
PharmacologyOnline, 2019
Isolating food constituents from Irvingia gabonensis seeds having anti-oxidant activity, showed the presence of tannins 1.37± 0.04 mg/g, saponins 0.09 ±0.08 mg/g, terpenoids 0.21±0.02 mg/g, flavonoids 0.18± 0.02 mg/g, phenols 0.12±0.01 mg/g, alkaloids 1.91±0.05 mg/g, sterols 0.14 ±0.01 mg/g, glycosides 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/g and anthraquinone 1.22± 0.01 mg/g. Methyl 2-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1 H-pyrrol-1yl]-propanoate (1), kaempferol-3-0-β-D-6" (p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (2) and based on its structure, lupeol (3β-lup-20(29)-en-3-ol (3) were isolated after fractionation. Lupeol was most abundant and had better antioxidant activities than ascorbic acid at high concentrations. Kaempferol-3-0-β-D-6" (p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside and Methyl 2-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1 H-pyrrol-1yl]propanoate also showed significant antioxidant activities. The erythrocyte osmotic fragility test showed the ability of the 3 compounds to protect membranes against lysis due to hypertonic environments. Therefore, Irvingia gabonenis seed has the potential for being considered a raw material for production of nutraceuticals or nutritional supplement.
Essential oils constituents of 'kuwing' oil from Irvingia gabonensis seeds ferment
Intl. J. Food. Ferment. Technol., 2014
Kuwing oil extracted from Irvingia gabonensis seed mash fermented over 6 days in Agoi Ibami community, Nigeria, was analysed for it's essential oil constituents. Both the fresh seed and the ferment's oil extracts were analysed for fatty acids, organic acids and essential oils,using GC and GC-MS methods of analysis. Six (6) fatty acids: oleic, linoleic, stearic, lauric, behenic acids were found in both samples, while mystiric was found in the fermented product only. Five(5) organic acids constituents citric, glycolic, oxalic, malic and tartaric acids were identified in both the fresh seed and the ferment. while fifty one (51) chemicals were identified as volatiles or essential oils.The main constituents wereα-pinene, δ3-carene, transβ-ocimene, α-terpinene, Cis-limonene oxide, perillaldehyde, nootkatone, germacrene-D, and bornol , about 75% of the oil and nineteen (19) of the identified volatiles responsible for flavour and aroma, made up to 43% of the oil.
The forest besides timber contains many useful goods and services of both subsistence and commercial values, known as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). These NTFPs sustain rural people and rural economies. NFFPs include all forest goods and services, excluding commercial timber. In this context, the part of Irvingia gabonensis on the NTFP market, are the seeds from the fruits of a tall and large deciduous forest tree from the family Irvingiaceae. The seeds are used in the preparation of diverse dishes. Despite this product's enormous support to the traditional Cameroon dishes, the nutritional value of these products has not been well investigated in the study area. In a struggle to step up investigations on these products, a study on the nutritive value of I. gabonensis from three different locations in the South West Region of Cameroon was carried out. The study made use of laboratory analyses. The following values were obtained for the three seeds; dry matter (DM; 92.58 ± 0.29-95.35 ± 0.17%), ash (5.43 ± 0.90-9.29 ± 0.95 g/100 g DM), lipids (55.02 ± 0.76-67.49 ± 0.03 g/100 g DM), crude proteins (7.98 ± 0.24-8.69 ± 0.26 g/100 g DM), carbohydrates (3.18 ± 0.20-10.60 ± 0.96 g/100 g DM), fibre (5.94 ± 0.07-11.64 ± 0.09 g/100 g DM), iron (0.26 ± 0.01-0.94 ± 0.04 mg/100 g DM) and vitamin A (499.73 ± 0.17-502.21 ± 0.29 μg/100 g DM). The nutritional value of the seeds depends on their location of origin. The high lipids content of the seeds implies the seeds can be considered as a good source of lipids.
2012
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) is a highly, economically important tree. Although the kernels are highly valued for their health, medicinal, nutritional and economic benefits, systematic study of the postharvest pathology of these fruits and the associated phytochemicals in their mesocarp is lacking. Hence in this research, the systematic decay of postharvest Irvingia gabonensis fruits left in the open field and screen house was studied, and the continued presence of phytochemicals in the mesocarp of these fruits was also investigated. Results showed that Irvingia gabonensis fruits decay after harvest. Disease symptom was characterized by the appearance of brownish-black rot, and the severity of the disease increased with the number of days of storage after harvest (DSAH) and storage environment. The fruits decayed faster in the open field than in the screen house. Overall weighted mean percentage brownish-black rot on the fruits at days 0
Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2012
Samples of fresh Volvariella volvaceae, dry seeds of Irvingia gabonensis and dry seeds of Beilschmiedia mannii), three traditional vegetables found on the market in Abidjan were studied in relation to their nutrients composition (protein, fat, carbohydrates), energy value, moisture, ash and minerals (Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe). The results show that: Volvariella volvaceae is mushroom distinguished by its high rate of moisture (81% ± 0.530% fresh matter), high carbohydrate content (79.440% ± 0.24% dry matter) and protein content (17.010% ± 0.04% dry matter) very significant. Mineral composition contains more Na (1.880% ± 0.02% dry matter) and K (1.260% ± 0.12% dry matter). Seed of Irvingia gabonensis is rich in lipid (63.610% ± 0.70% dry matter) but it also contains appreciable levels of carbohydrates (23.250% ± 0.17% dry matter), protein (7.230% ± 0. 80% dry matter) and mineral matter (5.910% ± 0, 30% dry matter). These seeds of Irvingia gabonensis contain more K (0.678% ± 0.01% dry matter) and Ca (0.452% ± 0.09% dry matter). Seed of Beilschmiedia mannii is rich in carbohydrates (92.080% ± 1.20% dry matter), and has a significant protein content (7.160% ± 0.11% dry matter), its mineral composition contains more than K (0.872% ± 0.05% dry matter).
2019
African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) belongs to the Irvingiaceae family of plants, it has a long history both as a food and medicine. This study was carried out to analyze the phytochemicals of seed extract as well as to evaluate its acute oral toxicity (LD50). A total of thirteen rats were used for the acute toxicity study and was done in two phases; in phase I, nine rats were divided into three groups of three rats each and were orally administered with 10, 100 and 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract. The rats were observed for mortality and general behavior for 24hrs. In phase II, four rats were administered with the extract at higher doses of 1500, 2500, 3500 and 5000mg/kg respectively and were observed for mortality and other signs of toxicity for 24hrs. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponin, tannins, resins and reducing sugar with the absence of coumarin, while quantitative analysis shows that the extract is rich in glycosides, followed by flavonoids, followed by alkaloids, followed by saponin, and lastly tannin A and tannin B. Acute toxicity revealed that the extract was practically nontoxic with oral LD50 greater than 5000mg/kg body weight. In conclusion, these results showed that the extract is rich in phytochemicals and was found to be relatively safe at administered doses.