Urban Climatology ICUC6 (original) (raw)
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Extensive review for urban climatology: definitions, aspects and scales
The International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering
There are many energy budget models and classifications of urban climate layers, field measurements, simulations and researches in the field of urban climatology that concerns about the mutual impact of climate and urban form,
Advances in Urban Climate Modeling
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008
Cities interact with the atmosphere over a wide range of scales from the large-scale processes, which have a direct impact on global climate change, to smaller scales, ranging from the conurbation itself to individual buildings. The review presented in this paper analyzes some of the ways in which cities influence atmospheric thermodynamics and airborne pollutant transport. We present the main physical processes that characterize the urban local meteorology (the urban microclimate) and air pollution. We focus on small-scale impacts, including the urban heat island and its causes. The impact on the lower atmosphere over conurbations, air pollution in cities, and the effect on meteorological processes are discussed. An overview of the recent principal advances in urban climatology and air quality modeling in atmospheric numerical models is also presented.
Extensive review for urban climatology: definitions, aspects and scales, MTC 2008
; There are many energy budget models and classifications of urban climate layers, field measurements, simulations and researches in the field of urban climatology that concerns about the mutual impact of climate and urban form. Although there is a magnificent progress in the field, but some few promising world wide projects (Oke, 2006), and some design studies and methodologies (Bitan, 1988), (Pearlmutter et al., 1999) and (Ali-Toudert and Mayer, 2007), the application for that knowledge still away from the urban form sensitive design, because they have been done from the physical, mathematical and meteorological points of view but haven't been investigated till now from the applied urban planning and design point of view specially at local scale of a neighborhood climate. The need is for all parties of the urban field as in real process, the scientific circle won't be closed without the architects, urban designers, planners, Econo-sociologists and psychologists' participation in the model. However this extensive paper is prepared to introduce this large field of knowledge about how to design urban fabric and patterns in accordance to climate aspects and its scales of application along with definitions concerning human thermal comfort in the field. Introduction: Briefing for literature and research approaches; Yet it is complex relations to investigate that of the climatology, meteorology, built form, with the microclimate scale of urban planning patterns, consequently how can we imagine solving that complexity of a local climatology scale to assess urban thermal comfort which has been illustrated to be certainly unachievable 100% from any single mean point of view without broadening the scope of research due to urban mobility of climate conditions. It is not only from physiology calculation of heat balance, not only from human thermal regulatory with metabolism and clothing adjustments, not only with the behavioral adjustments, not only by physical environmental adjustments and passive sensitive design, but with all of these techniques, methodologies, sequences and applications that have to apply specific interdisciplinary geometrized tools of Pysio-Psychological thermal comfort adaptation to form a fabric. Such a definition of model defines at the same time the objective of the great work in urban climatology-meteorology fields, from the microclimate scale to mesoscale.
PAPER No: 250 Urban climatology and its relevance to urban design
2008
In 1976 Chandler published a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Technical Note (No. 149) on 'Urban Climatology and Urban Design' that sought to provide guidelines for meteorologists working in a new arena. In this paper I will present an update of this work, which is also due to be published by the WMO. When Chandler's work was completed, the field of urban climatology was still in its scientific infancy. His work focuses mainly on the characteristic features of the urban atmosphere (which were still being discovered) and emphasizes changes in temperature, humidity, etc. that are caused by urban development. For example, there is little in the observational section on the energy budget of urban environments, something that has changed significantly in the last 30 years. Since its publication our understanding of urban climates has improved considerably and this provides an opportunity to re-evaluate the relevance of urban climatology to urban design. In addition, there is now a substantial body of case-study materials and a growing area of guidelines for climate-based planning, which did not exist when Chandler produced his survey. The new publication will: focus on human health and comfort; emphasize the populated areas of the world; provide links between urban planning & design and buildingscale decision making; demonstrate useful tools; provide guidelines where available and; provide case-studies of climate-based planning & design. In this paper I will present an overview of urban climatology and its relevance to urban design using case-studies drawn from the published literature to illustrate points Keywords: urban climate, urban design.
Although the scientific research in the atmospheres of urban space has been long in existence, it has still not found its proper place in the contemporary historical analysis. The historical emphasis on large-scale phenomena and the advent of numerical weather prediction has occluded the scientific relevance and social dimension of investigations into small-scale atmospheric processes. As a result, agricultural, forest, urban, and indoor meteorologies have received relatively little attention to date, as have micro-climatology, turbulence studies, and the air pollution meteorology. This article provides an outline of the historical and contemporary studies of urban weather and climate in Europe and North America. It looks into the origins of the field, the evolution of main topics of research, and the processes of disciplinary institutionalization. The article suggests that a closer inspection of the developments in urban climatology would permit a more representative account of modern atmospheric sciences and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the contemporary concerns over the anthropogenic climate change.
Urban climate science, planning, policy and investment challenges
Urban Climate, 2012
The majority of the world's population is now living in urban areas, which together represent <1% of the Earth's surface. As populations and their assets continue to accumulate in urban areas, as their role in shaping local, regional and global economic and environmental processes continues to increase, and as climate change and other challenges continue to place people, infrastructures, institutions and ecosystems at risk, more attention needs to be given to the diverse processes that determine quality of life in urban areas.
Research Priorities in Observing and Modeling Urban Weather and Climate
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2012
What: eighty-five researchers from 15 countries and districts met to synthesize the latest scientific findings in urban weather and climate research and explore new directions and international collaborations in urban meteorology research When: 12-15 July 2011 WheRe: beijing, china AffiliAtions: Chen-national center for atmospheric Research,* boulder, colorado; boRnstein